Camianpedia - User contributions [en]

User talk:Now, Faster

2026-01-06T22:26:58Z

Gstar: /* Haven */ done

Okay, I'm in. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 11:47, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::Ok, Gstar. I granted you sysop rights. Could you make some articles? This wiki is going to be much better than italia [[User:Nowfaster|Nowfaster]] ([[User talk:Nowfaster|talk]]) 11:48, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:::Yeah, I got a few that I made on [https://encyc.org/ Encyc] that I can do. Is this a CC BY-SA wiki? Or will it be public domain? [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 11:49, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::::This wiki uses the CC BY SA license. [[User:Nowfaster|Nowfaster]] ([[User talk:Nowfaster|talk]]) 11:50, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:::::Okay, I think it's a good way to set our brands apart in a sense that I working with the trickier GFDL (on most my wikis, not all) while SnowSherrill does CC BY-SA. It's complicated. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 11:53, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::::::I’m going to quit contributing to all GFDL wikis. I’m just going to contribute to Creative Commons and public domain wikis. [[User:Nowfaster|Nowfaster]] ([[User talk:Nowfaster|talk]]) 11:53, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:::::::I understand, the GFDL title rule is almost certainly a dealbreaker, and it's more strict. I'm just happy that you still love wikis because we had a great summer developing some together. For starters, I brought over the [[Chain Chomp]] article. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 11:57, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::::::::Ok. Uploads will be enabled later. Can you make the main page inspired by encyc? But the if thing on parserfunctions, please add on this wiki I will also add it later [[User:Nowfaster|Nowfaster]] ([[User talk:Nowfaster|talk]]) 11:58, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:::::::::You'll need to enable uploads and extensions since I cannot do that from the frontend. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 12:10, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::::::::::I will copy all the extensions from my animal crossing wiki. Can you copy some more pages including Angry Birds and Dry Bones. [[User:Nowfaster|Nowfaster]] ([[User talk:Nowfaster|talk]]) 12:11, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:::::::::::Yep, done both. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 12:23, 7 December 2025 (EST)

== Encyc ==

Actually, want to introduce yourself on there? They're friendly, been around since '08, and they brand themselves a "friendlier" Wikipedia or something. I'm sure they won't mind you attempting their structure. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 12:12, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:Yes. I never heard of Encyc before. [[User:Nowfaster|Nowfaster]] ([[User talk:Nowfaster|talk]]) 12:17, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::Neither have I, until someone mentioned it. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 12:23, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:::Who mentioned it? Extensions are now installed. [[User:Nowfaster|Nowfaster]] ([[User talk:Nowfaster|talk]]) 12:32, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::::Wildkrattsalt on Vikidia. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 12:35, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:::::Could you rename me to Now, Faster because that is the proper term [[User:Nowfaster|Nowfaster]] ([[User talk:Nowfaster|talk]]) 12:36, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::::::Done. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 12:47, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:::::::Ok. Uploads are now enabled. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 12:52, 7 December 2025 (EST)

== apologies ==

I apologize for the late responses I've been busy as of late. I believe I've responded on iDaisy. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 08:56, 29 December 2025 (EST)
:Ok. My vacation has been ended. Could you change this wikis, color to dark blue, with a happy new year message? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 10:24, 29 December 2025 (EST)
::Change to blue on which wiki skin? Where do I give the "Happy New Year's" notice? [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 22:01, 29 December 2025 (EST)
:::Camianpedia [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 10:08, 30 December 2025 (EST)
::::I meant Monobook, Metro, etc.? [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 12:38, 30 December 2025 (EST)
:::::On Monobook [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 13:20, 30 December 2025 (EST)

== Now, Faster ==

Hey, i have tried to search upbeat faster music, but now, faster showed up. Now, Faster, i have never heard of that song for my whole entire life. I'M GOING to ask of what dat song is i searched "faster songs" on youtube and it gave me [[Kids vs Phonics]] content and Now, Faster without watching it. I just looked at a preview to see what the song looks like but that song is likely clouds and cars driving around. the bike has a weird face and hair. your name appears multiple times in now, faster but on indy wiki i saw multiple images of now faster like "Otters saying now faster".

Could you help me see what the song is? [[User:Violet loves pinkfong|Violet loves pinkfong]] ([[User talk:Violet loves pinkfong|talk]]) 18:02, 30 December 2025 (EST)
:”Now, Faster” is a children’s song by pinkfong. It teaches people speed comparisons from slowest to fastest. The 5 vehicles included are the bike, the car, the train, the plane, and the rocket. The lyrics are awesome (to me). Yeah, I have discovered faster songs showing up. Yeah I know the bike is weird. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 18:05, 30 December 2025 (EST)
::Yeah I love speed. I will check the lyrics on the iDaisy Wiki. Thank you, - [[User:Violet loves pinkfong|Violet loves pinkfong]] ([[User talk:Violet loves pinkfong|talk]]) 17:31, 2 January 2026 (EST)
:::Ok. You can find the lyrics on http://iDaisy.snowsherrill.com/index.php?title=Now,_Faster . [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 17:33, 2 January 2026 (EST)

== Haven ==

Wait, so will snowsherrill be the sanctuary for CC BY-SA wikis, co-led by indy.snowsherrill.com and camian.snowsherrill.com? i actually think it'd work well if it is, since i believe your wiki endeavors to extend farther than mine, which are largely bound to the past.

does this mean that more cc by-sa wikis are coming on snowsherrill in the future? the question is how would i know which wikis you'll keep up long term and which you won't? I know italia got closed, and so did disney magic kingdom.

I have a few ideas:

*pokemon.snowsherrill.com
*nes.snowsherrill.com
*nintendo64.snowsherrill.com

Additionally, are we taking some Fandom wiki pages on to new snowsherrill wikis? If i'm not mistaken, you like importing more than me (I just do it on Fandom to preserve Super Mario Wiki content, so that it's on the institutional option).

[[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 20:36, 3 January 2026 (EST)
:Yes (In future). I pick NES and deleting wikitween, because I don’t have enough ionos storage. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 09:41, 4 January 2026 (EST)
::I may pick Pokémon too. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 09:45, 4 January 2026 (EST)
:::Maybe the gamer sage Snow Sherrill can grace us with more storage. :P [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 11:21, 4 January 2026 (EST)
::::Snow Sherrill is not a gamer. Please DO NOT create the Snow Sherrill article on this wiki, as it is irrelevant. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 14:43, 4 January 2026 (EST)
:::::I won't, don't worry. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 16:05, 4 January 2026 (EST)
::::::It’s ok. Could you make the article [[Emilia-Romagna]] from https://wikibigino.miraheze.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 12:29, 5 January 2026 (EST)
:::::::Done. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 17:26, 6 January 2026 (EST)

Emilia-Romagna

2026-01-06T22:26:46Z

Gstar: per request. link for attribution: https://wikibigino.miraheze.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna

'''Emilia-Romagna''', an administrative region in northern [[Italy]]; it faces the [[Adriatic Sea]] to the east and borders [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]] to the west, [[Lombardy]] and [[Veneto]] to the north, and [[Tuscany]], [[Marche]], and the [[San Marino|Republic of San Marino]] to the south.

It is divided into the provinces of [[Bologna]], [[Ferrara]], [[Forlì]]-[[Cesena]], [[Modena]], [[Parma]], [[Piacenza]], [[Ravenna]], [[Reggio Emilia]], and [[Rimini]]; the regional capital is [[Bologna]]. The double name Emilia-Romagna highlights the existence of two distinct territorial entities that historical events separated for centuries; however – unlike other Italian regions with double names, namely [[Trentino-Alto Adige]] and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] – the region has unitary characteristics.

Emilia derives its name from the ancient Roman road, the [[Via Emilia]], built in the 2nd century BC by the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, which connected and still connects Rimini (ancient ''Ariminum'') to Piacenza (''Placentia''), that is, the Adriatic Sea with the [[Po Valley]]; it also connects Forlì, Bologna, Modena, Reggio Emilia, and Parma, a total of seven of the nine current provincial capitals, and since antiquity it has always been one of the most important road arteries in Italy. The regional section facing the Adriatic, Romagna (which includes the provinces of Ravenna and Rimini), also derives its name from the Roman era.

Emilia-Romagna covers an area of 22.501,82 km² and has a population of 4,451,938 inhabitants; It is among the largest regions in Italy, but has a population density (198 inhabitants per km²) slightly higher than the national average, which is 206. The physical boundaries of the region are well defined: to the south by the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines and a section of the Ligurian Apennines, to the east by the Adriatic Sea, and to the north largely by the middle and lower course of the Po River.

== Territory ==
Comparable to a vast triangle between the Apennines, the Po River and the Adriatic Sea, Emilia-Romagna has a rather simple morphological structure. A characteristic feature of the regional morphology is the gradual transition from one altitudinal zone to another, which rarely presents sharp contrasts: the landscape almost everywhere has soft and gentle forms. 48% of the territory is occupied by a vast section of the Po Valley; the remaining surface comprises, in almost equal parts, a mountainous and a hilly area.

At the western end, the region includes a short section of the Ligurian Apennines, wedged in with some massifs that exceed 1,700 meters. The Apennines begin in the Ligurian Apennines, with peaks such as Mount Lesima, Mount Penna, and Mount Maggiorasca, between Lombardy, Piedmont, and Liguria; it conventionally ends at the Cisa Pass (1,041 m), a very active communication route traversed by the Parma-La Spezia road and motorway. Almost the entire northern slope of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines belongs to this region. This section of the Apennines does not present a continuous ridge line, but is made up of sections of various chains, each of which for a short stretch forms the watershed between the rivers flowing into the Adriatic Sea and those flowing into the Tyrrhenian Sea, separated by shallow valleys, according to the so-called "tiered" arrangement. It has gentle peaks that only in some cases exceed 2,000 meters; the highest elevation is Mount Cimone (2,165 m). Characteristic of this stretch of the Apennines are the many ridges that branch off from the main crest line, resulting in a typical comb-like morphology; the mountain ridges are followed by a band of modest hilly uplands (Sub-Apennines).

The relief forms are determined above all by the nature of the rocks, which alternate between soft formations, easily subject to erosion, and others that are very compact and resistant; however, there is a widespread presence of friable clay soils, which constitute the determining factor in the softness of the forms, but which are easily prey to erosive activity, especially by running water. This is how the so-called badlands are formed, small, densely and minutely branched furrows subject to accelerated erosion. Landslides are therefore frequent, both in the Apennines and in the Sub-Apennines. The passes across the Apennines include, in addition to the aforementioned Cisa Pass, between Emilia, Tuscany, and Liguria, other equally important passes connecting the region with Tuscany, including the Porretta Pass (932 m), traversed by the Porrettana road (the Bologna-Pistoia road), the Abetone Pass (1,388 m), and the Futa Pass (903 m), traversed by the Bologna-Florence state road.

The plain, which widens progressively from west to east, slopes gently towards the Adriatic Sea, without presenting the rather sharp distinction, typical of the Alpine side of the Po Valley, between the upper plain, stony and rather arid, and the lower plain, well-irrigated and very fertile. The Emilia-Romagna plain, formed by the deposits left by the numerous rivers flowing down from the Apennines, is in fact fertile almost everywhere, except for the northern section of the coastal strip, where the soils are brackish and marshy.

The Adriatic coastline, typically low and unsuitable for ports, presents two very different zones. To the north, between the Emilian section of the Po Delta (in the province of Ferrara) and the mouth of the Reno River, there is a series of depressed areas, with lagoons, muddy islets, and marshy lands: it is an unstable area, subject alternately to river floods and sea incursions. The largest depression corresponds to the so-called Valli di Comacchio (the name "valley" derives from the embankment, "vallum" in Latin, erected to defend the land); at the beginning of the 20th century it extended for about 500 km², almost a fifth of the territory of the province of Ferrara, but it has since been almost entirely drained and reclaimed to make it suitable for agriculture, which is now flourishing. From the mouth of the Reno River to the border with the Marche region, the coastline is uniform and sandy; the plain behind it has compact and fertile soils.

The Reno River (211 km long, 4,626 km² drainage basin) is the longest river in Emilia-Romagna, and the only significant waterway that is not a tributary of the Po; it originates in Mount Cimone and flows into the Adriatic Sea just south of the Comacchio Lagoons. The Po River, which marks the border with Lombardy except for the province of Mantua (Oltrepò Mantovano), receives all the Emilian waterways north of the Reno. The main ones are the Taro (125 km), which originates from Mount Penna in the Ligurian Apennines, the Secchia (172 km) and the Panaro (148 km), both of which originate in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. A common characteristic of all the waterways in the region, fed only by precipitation, is their very inconsistent flow, with spring and autumn floods and summer droughts.

=== Climate and environment ===

The climate is semi-continental throughout almost the entire region, with a predominance of hot summers and harsh winters. On the one hand, the mountains are not high enough to substantially affect weather patterns, and on the other hand, the mitigating influence of the Adriatic Sea is not as marked as along the more southern coasts of the Mediterranean. The average annual temperature in Bologna is 14 °C, ranging from an average winter temperature of 2 °C to an average summer temperature of 25 °C (this is a significant annual temperature variation, which clearly underlines the continental nature of the climate). The average temperature in the Emilia-Romagna region varies depending on the area. In the Apennine mountains, average temperatures are lower, while in the Po Valley they are higher (for example, in Bologna, the regional capital). Along the coast, temperatures vary by an average of about 2-3 °C: winters are therefore cooler and summers less hot, and the extremes of the inland areas are not recorded. The average annual rainfall for the region is around 750 mm; the heaviest rainfall (around 1,500 mm) occurs in the mountains, while the driest areas (around 600 mm) are the Po Delta and the Comacchio Valleys. Minimum rainfall occurs in summer, while maximum rainfall occurs in autumn and spring; winters are relatively snowy. Finally, in late autumn and winter, very dense fogs can form north of the Bologna-Ravenna line.

Emilia-Romagna faces various environmental problems, and nature protection is still limited to a few areas. These include the Tuscan-Emilian Apennine National Park (shared with Tuscany), the Po Delta Regional Park (shared with Veneto), the Casentinesi Forests Park (shared with Tuscany), and the Bosco della Mésola, between the Po di Goro and the Po di Volano. In the Apennine area, the widespread presence of soft and less resistant rocks, such as clay, means that the region has the highest percentage of landslides in all of northern and central Italy (more than ten landslide-prone areas per 100 km², double the national average); only Basilicata and Molise record higher values. In the plain and coastal areas, the greatest environmental damage derives instead from water pollution. Industrial waste, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and sewage from livestock farms penetrate the soil, are discharged into the Po River, or released directly into the Adriatic Sea. The Po River is almost entirely polluted, but one of the most polluted stretches is precisely the one in Emilia-Romagna, near Ferrara. In the late 1980s, the stretch of the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Emilia-Romagna experienced very serious phenomena of excessive proliferation of algae and other plant species, the so-called "eutrophication" (literally, over-nutrition). This prevents the normal oxygenation of the seawater, causing the death of fish; it also disfigures the natural environment, causing significant disruption to beach tourism, whose Italian capital is precisely Rimini.

=== Flora and fauna ===

The original vegetation has almost entirely disappeared. Of the lowland forests, only the aforementioned forest of Mésola survives, a coastal formation of holm oaks and pines. Chestnut forests prevail in the hilly areas, but these are generally very degraded forests, interspersed with scrub and bushes. South of Ravenna, particularly around Cervia, there are beautiful pine forests, largely due to planting; the coniferous forests of Séstola (in the province of Modena) and other tourist locations in the Apennines are also man-made.

The original fauna has also almost entirely disappeared; the plain is now almost exclusively dedicated to livestock farming (the rare examples of deer that inhabit the Mésola forest are worth mentioning), while the mountains lack protected areas, which in other Apennine regions (Abruzzo, for example) have allowed the survival of characteristic species. Although reduced to approximately 13,000 hectares, the Comacchio Valleys remain the only natural area of interest. Reed beds and plant species resistant to water and salinity grow there, providing a particularly favorable habitat for eels, mullets, and other fish, and especially for aquatic birds, such as mallards, coots, and terns.

== Economy ==
With a gross domestic product of 182,000 million euros and an average annual per capita income of 43,300 euros, Emilia-Romagna is one of the regions with the highest income. Two elements can be indicated as the most significant factors in the economic success of Emilia-Romagna: a homogeneous development of the various productive sectors and a widespread distribution of agricultural and industrial companies throughout the territory, generally medium and small-sized, created with capital mostly of regional origin. Thus, the high yields of agriculture are combined with a well-diversified industry, intense trade, and a very significant tourism sector.

In addition to these structural factors, a very strong level of cooperation, of ancient origin, and consequently a relatively low level of social conflict should be noted; thus, Emilia-Romagna, a region almost entirely devoid of mineral and energy resources (it only has some deposits, which have proven to be very modest, of [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]]), is among the most productive regions of Italy. And, no less importantly, at the same time the region has exercised careful control over territorial development almost everywhere, thus avoiding many of the problems that have occurred in other Italian areas involved in similar processes of strong productive growth. The defense of urban centers and regional peculiarities has been pursued with a policy aimed at maintaining the balance of the area, preventing uncontrolled migration to cities, uncontrolled building, excessive concentration of industries, etc. Some of the cities in Emilia-Romagna (Modena, for example), in addition to often holding the national record for per capita income, are considered among the most pleasant cities to live in and have the highest provision of public services; among Italian metropolises, Bologna is certainly among the top for quality of life.

=== Agriculture ===

This sector contributes significantly to the region's prosperity. It can rely on large areas of naturally fertile and well-irrigated land, and other lands where agricultural development has been achieved through patient and centuries-old reclamation work. But above all, it is a sector that has long been rationally organized.

Emilia-Romagna is not a land of large landowners, where farming is entrusted to salaried workers and laborers, often precarious (as was the case before the great social demands of the 19th and 20th centuries), poorly paid and therefore little interested in increasing production, nor is it a land of smallholdings aimed at direct self-consumption. Instead, it is a region where almost all economic sectors largely rely on cooperatives, which today number about 12,000 throughout the region, dedicated to production, commercial distribution, and industrial processing, and interconnected with each other. In fact, the flourishing agriculture has been geared towards the exchange of individual products and their transformation for at least a century. Its approach is therefore based on a considerable contribution of agricultural machinery, fertilizers, and capital to improve technologies. Functionally, different crops are grown on the most suitable land, resulting in areas of different specializations. On average, productivity is higher than the national average. Emilia-Romagna, which as a whole provides the highest agricultural income in Italy, holds the national record for the production of wheat (almost a fifth of Italian production), sugar beets (one third of the national total), and various fruit and vegetable products (peaches, plums, watermelons, onions, beans, etc.), and is among the top producers of grapes and wine (among the most famous wines are Lambrusco, Sangiovese, and Albana). The areas with the highest concentration of agricultural businesses are the Ferrara area (cereals and sugar beets) and the provinces of Ravenna and Forlì (fruit and vegetables).

The livestock sector, no less important and excellently organized, is particularly significant for the breeding of dairy cattle and pigs (for both, the region ranks second after Lombardy), serving a processing industry of international renown (Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese, Parma ham, Bologna mortadella, Modena cotechino and zampone). A particular activity, of considerable size, is the breeding of eels in the Comacchio Valleys.

=== Industry ===

The agri-food industry (dairy, wine, cured meats, sugar refineries, etc.) is the best-known industrial sector in Emilia-Romagna. The initial economic base allowed the region to achieve completely autonomous growth (i.e., without the help of extra-regional or state capital) in almost every manufacturing sector. Without betraying its tradition, based on small and medium-sized companies, widely distributed throughout the territory, often family-run and with an artisanal origin, the region's industry now boasts an almost complete range of products. Highly competitive sectors include the mechanical sector, even those of the highest prestige (such as the Ferrari car manufacturer in Maranello, in the province of Modena, which has worldwide fame), and the textile sector.

There are also several "industrial districts," i.e., areas organized to provide, thanks to the aggregation of small or medium-sized companies, a single product. The two best-known industrial districts, both in the province of Modena, are those of ceramics and tiles (in Sassuolo) and knitted goods (in Carpi). Among the few large basic industries, also built with external capital, are the chemical and petrochemical complexes of Ravenna, which are linked to the port development of the city, the region's main outlet to the sea.

=== Tertiary Activities ===
Emilia-Romagna has a particularly developed tertiary sector, starting with trade. Its geographical position makes it a connecting area between the Po Valley and central and southern Italy. Bologna has a trade fair complex for international exhibitions that is second only to Milan in Italy.

A very dense network of road, highway, and rail communication routes crosses Emilia-Romagna. Traffic on the Via Emilia is always very intense (the railway line runs parallel to this artery, already so wisely chosen by the Romans); via the Autostrada del Sole (Highway of the Sun), also parallel to the ancient route, Bologna is connected to Milan and Florence, while another section connects it to Rimini. As a traffic hub, Bologna is second only to Milan. Almost all trains between Northern and Southern Italy pass through the Emilian capital, Bologna. Bologna also boasts a large intermodal freight terminal, where goods are directly transferred between road and rail vehicles. Ravenna is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea. Air services are provided by the Bologna-Borgo Panigale airport (international) and the smaller Rimini airport.

Finally, tourism, especially the seaside tourism of the Romagna Riviera (in the Ravenna and Rimini areas), constitutes one of the major sources of wealth in Emilia-Romagna. Its basic structure is typical of the region: small, family-run hotels and guesthouses that can compete by keeping costs and therefore prices low. Along the 50 km of coastline between Cervia (in the province of Ravenna) and Cesenatico (in the province of Forlì-Cesena), there are more than 5,000 hotels and guesthouses. But the region's tourist landscape also offers rich cities of art (all the provincial capitals, but not only those), some of which were splendid capitals of small states, such as Parma, Ferrara, and Modena. There are also popular thermal spas, such as Salsomaggiore Terme, and mountain resorts are developing, such as Sestola (in the province of Modena) and several ski resorts in the Apennines.

== Population and society ==
The region has, in absolute terms, the most homogeneous population distribution in Italy. Not only is there no true metropolis that surpasses the other cities, but, on the contrary, all the provincial capitals exceed 100,000 inhabitants without reaching 200,000 (with the exception of [[Bologna]], which has 391,484 inhabitants, and [[Cesena]], which has 95,799 inhabitants); all provinces have a density greater than 100 inhabitants per km², with a maximum of 2,800<ref>2025</ref> units per km² reached in the province of Bologna.

Although there has been, here as in any other Italian region, a strong emigration from the countryside to the cities, urban development has always been kept under control by the regional administration. Furthermore, the rich historical past of almost all the Emilian cities and the strong sense of local pride have prevented the excessive preponderance of one center over the others. The population, however, shows a minimum density in the Apennine and sub-Apennine area and two areas of maximum concentration. These are traditionally located in the foothills crossed by the Via Emilia, which touches all the provincial capitals, with the exception of Ravenna and Ferrara, and along the Adriatic coastal strip, which is of recent development. Settlement along these two main routes is almost continuous: one can speak of linear cities, which aggregate the small and large centers that follow one another along them. In terms of population size, the demographic situation is mostly stable. Emilia-Romagna has experienced the phenomena of emigration and immigration to a very limited extent. The birth rate is low (6.7<ref>2022</ref> births per 1000 inhabitants), as is the mortality rate (11.5 deaths per 1000 inhabitants<ref>2023</ref>).

== History ==
=== Prehistory and Roman domination ===
Even in the prehistoric era, when human groups settled in the territory and began to practice agriculture, a dividing line emerged between two different geographical and cultural areas, which also characterized subsequent historical periods. The [[Panaro]] river constitutes the watershed between the two areas: to the west of this, with concentrations in the territories of [[Parma]] and [[Modena]], during the [[Bronze Age]], the so-called [[Terramare|Terramare culture]] developed, characterized by settlements protected by earthen embankments, by huts on [[stilt houses]] and by the practice of [[cremation]] of the dead. The area east of the Panaro River was influenced by the Villanovan culture, which saw the transition from scattered settlements to pre-urban forms and the first complex territorial connections: its name derives from a group of tombs found in Villanova di Castenaso, near Bologna.

Towards the end of the 6th century BC, Etruscan influences spread, reaching the proto-cities of Felsina (present-day Bologna), Spina, a commercial exchange center connected with Greece, and Misa (Marzabotto). In the mid-4th century BC, the invasion of the Boii Gauls caused a regression in the Etruscan-influenced organization, but this was soon halted by the Roman advance, which began in the 3rd century after the victory over the Gauls at Sentinum (295 BC). Moving from Ariminum (Rimini), founded at the end of the Via Flaminia, the Romans carried out a rapid conquest that quickly transformed the area. The territory, starting with the construction of the straight road connecting Piacenza to Rimini, commissioned by the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, saw the organization of both the colonization of the countryside and the growth of the urban fabric along the Via Emilia.

Thanks to the fertility of the soil and the population density, the region became one of the richest lands in the entire Roman Empire. From a political-administrative point of view, after a phase in which it was aggregated into a single military unit, at the beginning of the 3rd century AD it was divided into two areas: the first to the west, between Bologna and Piacenza, and the second to the east along the Via Flaminia. The latter gained importance with Emperor Honorius, who, in 402, transferred the imperial seat to Ravenna, the city that had grown near the ancient military port of Classe.

=== From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance lordships ===
Under Lombard rule (568), the fracture deepened between the "Romania," connected to the Byzantine Empire, and the western area of the region connected to "Longobardia," separated by a shifting border that ran between Bologna and Modena. The subsequent Frankish domination led to a further differentiation between the Romagna area, donated by Pepin the Short to Pope Stephen II, and the western area, which was structured according to the Frankish model of counties. The dissolution of central power, following the fall of the Carolingian Empire, led to the rise of numerous lordships, whose sphere of sovereignty, however, did not extend beyond local boundaries, with the exception of the lordship of the Attoni of Canossa, which, during the time of Countess Matilda, participated in the conflict between the papacy and the empire. During the [[Age of the Communes]], Emilia-Romagna was one of the regions where the municipal movement manifested itself with lasting institutional and cultural consequences, highlighted by the founding in 1188 of the [[University of Bologna]], the first in Europe. At the end of the [[Middle Ages]], the region saw the rise of city-states, which became the focal point of the civic and intellectual awakening in the age of [[Humanism]] and the [[Renaissance]]: the [[Visconti]] in Parma and Piacenza, the [[Este]] in Ferrara, the [[Malatesta]] in [[Rimini]], and the [[Da Polenta]] in Ravenna are the most prominent names.

In the 16th century, having overcome the expansionist challenge posed by the [[Republic of Venice]] and the struggles between the empire and France for control of Northern Italy, the region's political landscape stabilized in a distinctly Renaissance balance, on which the Church exerted considerable direct and indirect influence. The new state of the [[Farnese]], which controlled the territories of Parma and Piacenza, was a result of the nepotistic will of [[Pope Paul III]]; the papal presence expanded with the acquisition of Ferrara in 1598, added to the previous papal legations of Bologna and Ravenna. This 16th-century balance remained unchanged until the extinction of the Farnese family created the conditions for the transfer of the [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]] first to the Austrians and then, in 1748, to the [[Bourbons]], who made it the basis of their original anti-clerical policy, capable of activating intellectual energies recruited from the world of the French [[Enlightenment]].

=== Contemporary Era ===
The revolutionary and Napoleonic experience in Emilia-Romagna was the starting point of an active Jacobin movement, involved in the various phases of the political struggle and the institutional transformations experienced in the region (first the Cispadane Republic, then the Cisalpine Republic, both of which merged into the Italian Republic and then into the Kingdom of Italy in 1805, with the exception of Parma and Piacenza, which came under direct French rule). During the Risorgimento, Emilia-Romagna was involved in intense patriotic activity, culminating in the uprisings of 1831, the revolutions of 1848, and finally the plebiscites of 1859, which sanctioned the annexation to Piedmont. The heart of agrarian capitalism at the end of the nineteenth century, the region experienced the tensions and ferment of that transformation, exemplified by the rooting of a cooperative-based peasant association movement, with a socialist and anarchist ideological imprint, which fueled intense social struggles during the Giolitti era.

During the Second World War, the region was the epicenter of violent clashes between Germans and Allies in the final phase of the conflict, culminating in the fighting along the Gothic Line; it was also the scene of the anti-fascist movement, whose military actions were countered by the Nazi-fascists with every means, not least reprisals, of which the Marzabotto massacre is the most dramatic episode. In the post-war period, they began to revive the popular socialist tradition, to which the workers' parties, particularly the Communist Party, gave a reformist orientation that was expressed in the management of many local authorities, which became a strong point of a region governed by left-wing majorities.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Regions of Italy]]

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Africa

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Gstar: first draft. credit to https://wikibigino.miraheze.org/wiki/Africa . author: Persycchiotto

[[File:Africa satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Africa]]
'''Africa''' is one of the five continents of the [[Earth]] and the third largest in area after [[Eurasia]] and [[America]].

Africa has a total surface area, including adjacent islands, of 30,243,910 km², corresponding to approximately 20% of the planet's landmass. It is surrounded by the following bodies of water: the Mediterranean Sea separates it from Europe to the north; the Atlantic Ocean washes its western coasts; the Indian Ocean its eastern coasts; the Red Sea bathes the northeastern section, north of the Horn of Africa, up to the Isthmus of Suez, the only point of connection with Asia. Approximately 14% of the world's population lives in Africa.

Located straddling the equator, Africa stretches for 8,050 km from the northernmost point of Cape Blanc (Ras al-Abyad) in Tunisia to the southernmost point of Cape Agulhas in South Africa. The maximum width of the continent, from the Cape Verde peninsula in Senegal in the west to Cape Hafun in Somalia in the east, is approximately 7,560 km. The highest peak is Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) in Tanzania, whose summit is perpetually snow-covered; the lowest point is Lake Assal (153 m below sea level) in Djibouti. The African coastline is regular and characterized by few inlets; it extends for approximately 30,500 km and, compared to the land area, has a shorter development than that of all other continents. The main islands belonging to Africa, covering a total area of 621,600 km², are Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pemba, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, and Comoros in the Indian Ocean; São Tomé and Príncipe and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea; Cape Verde, the Canary Islands, Bijagós, and Madeira in the North Atlantic; Saint Helena and Ascension in the South Atlantic. Although geographically considered part of Africa, Saint Helena, Ascension, the Bijagós Islands, the Canary Islands, and Madeira have economic, political, or cultural ties with Western Europe: Saint Helena and Ascension are colonies of the United Kingdom; the Canary Islands and Madeira are part of Spain and Portugal, respectively.

== Territory ==

Only 10% of the African territory is located at an altitude below 500 meters above sea level, compared to 54% in Europe and 25% in North America. The continent presents itself in the form of a single large plateau, a horizontal, rigid platform without folds, with the exception of the Atlas mountain range in the northwestern section. The differences in altitude, which are nevertheless present, have been caused by fractures and faults that have raised and lowered entire blocks of land.

This explains the formation of the highlands of East and Southern Africa, the deep rift of the Rift Valley, and the extensive subsiding or depressions corresponding to river basins – in particular those of the Congo, Niger, Nile, Volta, and Zambezi – which constitute a prominent characteristic of African geography. At its edges, the African plateau gives way to a narrow coastal strip that encircles the entire continent. All of Africa's major rivers, except for the Niger-Benue and Zambezi-Shire systems, have waterfalls or rapids that hinder inland navigation.

=== Geological History ===

The vast African continental platform, composed of archaic, crystalline rock, dates back to the Precambrian period, the same geological epoch in which the Brazilian plateau in South America was formed. It extends south from the Atlas Mountains to the Cape of Good Hope; to the east it reappears in the Arabian Peninsula and Madagascar, which separated from Africa during the Cenozoic (Tertiary) period. Within these ancient rocks, however, covered over vast areas by various sedimentary formations, the very first traces of life on Earth have been brought to light: fossil microorganisms dating back 3.2 billion years. Geologically, the Atlas Mountains (in northwestern Africa) are part of the foldings of the Mediterranean area, that is, the ancient Tethys basin. They originated from the same movements that formed the Alpine chain and other "young" mountain ranges of Europe.

The tectonic forces that separated Africa from South America during the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, about 150 million years ago, continued to act in more recent times, creating the Rift Valley during the Tertiary period and causing the eruptions that led to the formation of the volcanic cones of Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro in East Africa.

=== Natural Regions ===

The territory of Africa can be divided into three main sections: the northern plateau, the central and southern plateau, and the eastern highlands. Generally, altitudes increase across the continent from northwest to southeast and average about 560 meters. The coastal plains, with the exception of the Mediterranean and Guinea coasts, are generally quite narrow.

The main characteristic of the northern plateau is the presence of the Sahara Desert, a large desert whose surface occupies more than a quarter of Africa. Several mountainous regions rise at the edges of the northern plateau: to the northwest, the Atlas Mountains, formed by plateaus and steep, alpine-type ranges, extending from Morocco to Tunisia; to the southwest, the Fouta Djallon plateau; to the south, the Adamawa massif and the Cameroon Mountains. The Lake Chad basin, corresponding to a pronounced structural subsidence, is located almost in the center of the plateau.

The central and southern plateau, which is higher, has an average altitude of over 900 meters and includes numerous depressions, in particular the Congo River basin and the Kalahari Desert. To the south rises the Drakensberg Mountains, bordering the southern highlands, which extend for 1,100 km along the southeastern coast of the continent, from Transvaal to the Cape Province. At the extreme south is the Karoo, an arid plateau with a surface area of 259,000 km².

The eastern highlands, which constitute the highest part of the continent, extend from the Red Sea southwards to the Zambezi River, along the fault line of the Rift Valley. They have an average altitude of over 1,500 meters and, in the Ethiopian Highlands, reach 3,000 meters; the highest point is Ras Dashen (4,620 m), in northern Ethiopia. South of the Ethiopian Highlands rise numerous volcanic peaks, including Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, and Mount Elgon.

The most characteristic feature of the eastern highlands is the Rift Valley, the long depression (actually a series of fractures with subsidence of the intervening plates) that extends from Anatolia, in eastern Turkey, through the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea, and then continues along the Red Sea to Lake Turkana. At the southern end of this lake, the Rift bifurcates around Lake Victoria and then rejoins at one end of Lake Nyasa, from where it descends along the Shire and Zambezi rivers, finally reaching the sea. West of the Rift Valley rises the Ruwenzori massif, which reaches a height of 5,109 m. The island of Madagascar is a continental fragment and is formed by a central plateau that extends in a north-south direction about 600 km from the eastern coast of Africa.

The African territory has been above sea level since the Precambrian era, but for long periods its internal depressions were submerged by the sea. This resulted in the sedimentary formations that cover vast stretches of the original platform, on which erosive forces have acted, leading to the formation of clastic rocks, such as sandstones, and various conglomerates. There are few alluvial soils deposited by rivers, even though the African continent has a hydrographic network with very extensive drainage basins. Being typically tropical, the soils are relatively sterile, lacking humus and subject to leaching due to heavy rainfall, and their composition is influenced by high temperatures. Desert soils, poor in organic content, cover vast areas. Among the most fertile soils are the so-called "chernozems" or black soils of East Africa, and the podzolic soils of the regions of West and Southern Africa.

=== Hydrography and water resources ===

Some of the world's largest rivers flow through Africa. The continent's main hydrographic systems are six, and, with the exception of the Lake Chad basin and the Kalahari basin, all flow into the sea (exorheic basins). The Nile River flows through northeastern Africa and, at 6,695 km, is the longest river on Earth. It originates from Lake Victoria and flows north; in the section called the White Nile, it is joined by the Blue Nile, which originates from Lake Tana in Ethiopia. From the confluence of the two rivers, near Khartoum in Sudan, the Nile flows west and then north again before emptying into the Mediterranean Sea.

The Congo River, 4,374 km long, drains much of Central Africa; it originates in the Mitumba Mountains, on the border between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia, and It flows north, west, and south before finally emptying into the Atlantic Ocean near Matadi.

The third longest African river is the Niger (4,180 km), in West Africa, whose upper reaches are navigable only during the rainy season. It originates in the Fouta Djallon highlands and flows north and then east before flowing south into the Gulf of Guinea.

The Zambezi River, 2,650 km long, has its headwaters in Zambia and Angola; both branches converge in Zambia; the river then flows southeast before emptying into the Indian Ocean in Mozambique. The Zambezi is interrupted by numerous rapids and waterfalls, the most spectacular of which are the Victoria Falls.

Southern Africa is traversed by the Limpopo and Orange rivers. The Orange River, into which the Vaal flows, is 2,100 km long, originates in the Drakensberg Mountains and flows west to the Atlantic. The Limpopo, which originates in the Witwatersrand, is 1,800 km long and flows into the Indian Ocean in southern Mozambique.

Lake Chad, with an average depth of only 1.2 m, and its tributaries and distributaries constitute the largest hydrographic system on the continent. It is endorheic, meaning it has no outlet to the sea.

The Rift Valley includes numerous large lakes; among them are Lake Turkana, Lake Albert, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa. Lake Victoria, the largest in Africa and the third largest in the world, is not part of this system; it extends over a shallow depression in the eastern highlands. One of Africa's major problems is achieving effective control of its water resources. Vast areas are excessively arid, and even larger areas receive only irregular rainfall and must store water to cope with long periods of drought. In the equatorial belt, rainfall is very high; in southern Sudan, there are extensive swamps, and large areas experience periodic flooding. Since the 1950s, many reservoirs and dams have been built to collect water for irrigation and electricity generation.

=== Climate ===

Africa's climate is influenced by the continent's location in the tropical zone, the presence of cold ocean currents, and the absence of mountain ranges that act as climatic barriers.

Seven climatic zones can be distinguished. The central part of the continent and the eastern coast of Madagascar have the typical climate of equatorial rainforest environments, occupied by the large rainforest; the average annual temperature is 26.7 °C and the average annual rainfall is 1,780 mm. The climate of the Guinean coast is similar to the equatorial climate, although there is only one rainy season; however, there are no months without rain.

Moving away from the equatorial zone, the rainforest climate gives way to the tropical climate with two seasons, the domain of the savanna, which covers almost a fifth of Africa. Here the climate is characterized by a wet season during the summer months and a dry season during the winter months. Annual rainfall varies from 550 mm to over 1,550 mm. Further north and south, the savanna climate zone gives way to the drier steppe climate. The average annual rainfall varies from 250 to 500 mm, and the rain is concentrated in one season. Vast areas of Africa are characterized by an arid or desert climate: the Sahara Desert in the north, the Horn of Africa in the east, and the Kalahari and Namib deserts in the southwest. In these areas, the average annual rainfall is less than 250 mm. In the Sahara, the daily and seasonal temperature range is very high; the average July temperature is over 32.2 °C; during the cold season, nighttime temperatures often drop below freezing.

Mediterranean climates are found at the northwestern and southwestern extremities of the continent. They are characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. In the highlands of East Africa, particularly in Kenya and Uganda, rainfall is distributed throughout the year and the temperature tends to be constant. In the high plateau of Southern Africa, the climate is temperate.

=== Flora ===

African vegetation can be classified according to climatic zones. The rainforest climate zone, where the average annual rainfall exceeds 1,270 mm, features a dense ground cover of shrubs, ferns, and mosses, evergreen plants, oil palms, and numerous species of hardwood trees. The variety of species is extremely high: up to 10,000 have been counted. Some trees grow to a height of up to 60 meters. On the mountains of Cameroon, Angola, East Africa, and Some Ethiopian regions are home to oil palm forests, hardwood trees, and various species of acacia.

A wooded savanna zone, with an annual rainfall of 890 to 1,400 mm, represents the transition from evergreen forest to savannas; in addition to various species of acacia, it is home to baobabs, euphorbias, herbaceous and shrubby plants, deciduous trees, and legumes. In the savanna zone formed by grasslands, with an annual rainfall varying from 500 to 890 mm, where the number of species decreases due to the difficulties imposed by the long dry season, herbaceous plants, shrubs, and low deciduous trees grow.

The next zone, the thorny scrubland, with an annual rainfall varying from 300 to 510 mm, features sparser vegetation of shrubs, succulents, and semi-succulents. The sub-desert scrubland zone, with an annual rainfall varying from 130 to 300 mm, has a grassy cover and scattered low shrubs.

Finally, the desert zone, located in areas where the annual rainfall is less than 130 mm, is characterized by sparse vegetation and, in some areas, is completely devoid of vegetation.

=== Fauna ===

In Africa, two major faunal zones can be distinguished: the northern and northwestern zone, including the Sahara, and the Ethiopian zone, comprising all of sub-Saharan Africa. The first is characterized by fauna similar to that of the Eurasian continent, including animals domesticated by man such as sheep, goats, horses, and dromedaries. Wild species include the Barbary sheep, the African deer, and two species of ibex native to the northern African coast. The Sahara Desert is home to the fennec fox, as well as the gazelle and the jerboa.

The Ethiopian region is famous for its great variety of animals and birds, many of which are now endangered. The wooded areas and grasslands constitute the traditional habitat of numerous mammal species, including many herbivores, such as the antelope and gazelle, the zebra, the giraffe, the buffalo, the elephant, the rhinoceros, etc., as well as several species of monkeys. Among the carnivores, which prey on herbivores, are the lion, the leopard, the cheetah, the hyena, the jackal, and the mongoose. The rivers are the habitat of the hippopotamus. In the rainforests of equatorial Africa live the gorilla and other species of monkeys, the flying squirrel, the bat, and the lemurs. Many of these animals, particularly elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, lions, and gorillas, are now found only in special wildlife reserves, where, however, maintaining the original ecological balance is difficult.

Much of the birdlife is also found in Europe. Among game birds, the most widespread species is the guinea fowl. Waterfowl, particularly the pelican, the giant heron, the flamingo, the stork, and the egret, form very large colonies. The ibis is common in the Nile region, while the ostrich lives in East and Southern Africa. Among the reptiles, mostly of Eurasian origin, are the lizard, the crocodile, and the turtle. Venomous snakes, including the mamba, are found throughout the Ethiopian region. The python lives mostly in West Africa, while the boa constrictor is found only in Madagascar, where many species unique to the world are present. Freshwater fish abound in Africa, with over two thousand known species. The continent is home to numerous harmful insects, in particular mosquitoes, ants, termites, locusts, and tsetse flies, which transmit sleeping sickness to humans and animals.

=== Mineral Resources ===

Due to the archaic composition of its rock formations, Africa is the continent richest in minerals on the planet; it possesses them in considerable quantities and varieties, although their geographical distribution is uneven. There are also numerous deposits of fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas. Africa also has some of the largest reserves of gold, diamonds, copper, bauxite, manganese, nickel, platinum, cobalt, radium, germanium, lithium, titanium, and phosphates. Other important mineral resources include iron ore, chromium, tin, zinc, lead, thorium, zirconium, vanadium, antimony, and beryllium.

== Population ==

The Sahara Desert constitutes a dividing line between the areas inhabited by the peoples of North Africa and those of Sub-Saharan Africa; however, the desert has never represented an insurmountable obstacle. This facilitates the exchange and diffusion of cultures between the northern and western regions of the continent. In the past, numerous classification systems have been applied to the continental peoples, many of which were of dubious nature as they were fundamentally based on racist assumptions. Today, geographical division appears to be the most useful for taxonomic purposes.

=== Ethnography ===

The northern part of Africa, including the Sahara, is inhabited by Caucasian peoples, mostly Berbers and Arabs, who constitute about 25% of the continent's inhabitants. South of the Sahara live Bantu populations, who represent about 70% of the African population, while some Khoisan tribes, San (formerly called Bushmen) and Khoi-Khoi (the former Hottentots), probably descendants of the most archaic population layers, are found in East Africa. The Pygmies, also descendants of ancient populations confined to the rainforests, are concentrated in the Congo Basin. Originally settled in the southern regions, five million descendants of Europeans now live in Africa. The Indian population, which numbers one million, is mainly settled along the eastern coasts and in South Africa.

More than three thousand ethnic groups have been classified in Africa, among which the extended family institution prevails. In much of the continent, the family is linked to a larger society through kinship groups, such as clans, which tend to exclude endogamous marriages: their members marry outside the group. Often the village consists of a single kinship group of male or female descent.

=== Demographics ===

Despite its vast surface area, Africa is inhabited by only 14% of the world's population. In 2008, the continent's population was estimated at 955 million inhabitants, with an average density of 32 inhabitants per km². This figure considers vast, practically uninhabited areas, such as the Sahara and Kalahari deserts, and more limited areas, such as the Nile Valley, where the population density is very high. If we calculate the population living in arable or productive areas, the average density increases to approximately 139 inhabitants per km².

The continent's population is mainly concentrated along the northern and western coasts, in the areas within the river basins of the Nile, Niger, Congo, and Senegal, and on the East African plateau. The most populous country in Africa is Nigeria (138,283,240 inhabitants in 2008).

In Africa, the population growth rate reaches 2.08% per year, compared to a rate of -0.01% in Europe and almost half that (1.07%) in North America. The spread of healthcare services since the Second World War has led to a sharp decrease in the mortality rate, which is 14.20‰, but varies considerably from country to country. In most African countries, about half of the population is under 15 years of age.

The African population is predominantly rural: only 37% of inhabitants live in urban centers. North Africa is the most urbanized region; however, there are individual countries with high levels of urbanization, such as the Republic of Congo (54%), while large metropolises are located throughout the continent. African cities with a population of over one million inhabitants include Cairo (the most populous African metropolis), Alexandria and Giza in Egypt; Algiers in Algeria; Tripoli in Libya; Tunis in Tunisia; Casablanca and Rabat in Morocco; Lagos and Ibadan in Nigeria; Douala and Yaoundé in Cameroon; Luanda in Angola; Addis Ababa in Ethiopia; Dakar in Senegal; Conakry in Guinea; Abidjan in Ivory Coast; Accra in Ghana; Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo; Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo; Mogadishu in Somalia; Kampala in Uganda; Nairobi in Kenya; Dar es Salaam in Tanzania; Antananarivo in Madagascar; Khartoum and Omdurman in Sudan; Lusaka in Zambia; Harare in Zimbabwe; Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban and Pretoria in South Africa.

Urban growth has been particularly rapid since the 1950s. There has also been a significant migratory flow, particularly of Africans from Central Africa, to the mining and industrial districts of countries such as Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa, and of Africans from the northern and western regions to Europe, particularly France and Italy. In recent years, the outbreak of civil wars in some African countries – in Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Sudan, Liberia and Rwanda – This has caused mass displacements of populations, similar to the exoduses caused by droughts and famines. Africa has the world's largest concentration of refugees, including populations that move within their own countries and those that cross borders seeking protection.

===Languages===

Over a thousand languages are spoken in Africa. Although more than 50 languages have at least 500,000 speakers, most African languages belong to small minorities. Apart from Arabic, the most widespread languages are the so-called "lingua francas": Swahili (especially in East and Southern Africa) and Hausa (East Africa). The main language families are the Niger-Kordofanian and Nilo-Saharan, spoken by over 160 million people; the Hamito-Semitic, or Afro-Asiatic, which predominates in North and Northeast Africa; and the Khoisan, spoken by the San and Khoi-Khoi of Southern Africa. Many Africans, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, are bilingual, speaking both their own language and that of the Europeans who colonized their country.

===Religion===

Today, Christianity is probably the most widespread religion in Africa. Catholicism was introduced to the northern regions of the continent in the 1st century; in the 4th century it spread to Sudan and Ethiopia, was supplanted in the 7th century by Islam, and only reasserted itself in the 19th century – alongside various forms of Protestantism – due to European conquests and the work of missionaries. The ancient Coptic Church remains in Ethiopia and Egypt. Islam, professed by approximately 40% of the population, was introduced by the Arab conquerors: it initially spread in North Africa and, in subsequent centuries, along the Nile River, the east coast, and in West Africa, following the caravan routes that led to cities (such as Oualata, Timbuktu, etc.) that were both commercial and religious centers. The first Islamic school of law, the Sunni school of the Maliki orientation, predominates in much of Muslim Africa, except in Egypt, the Horn of Africa, and the East African coast.

Approximately 15% of African populations exclusively practice local or indigenous religions, generally animistic, and both Christianity and Islam have assimilated indigenous practices. Several indigenous religious movements have also arisen, born from the fusion with Christian beliefs and rituals. Led by individual prophets, these separatist groups have spread throughout Africa, but their presence appears more extensive and influential in Southern and Central Africa.

Small Jewish communities also live in North and South Africa; among them the Falasha, who until the 1980s were settled in Ethiopia. Minorities of Hindu, Buddhist, and Taoist faith are scattered throughout East and Southern Africa.

===Culture===

Traditional African culture is essentially subordinate to the concept of family and ethnic group. Traditional arts – music, oral literature, and dance – serve to strengthen religious and social bonds. In the past, the highly Westernized elites, influenced by European culture and Christianity, rejected traditional local cultures; however, in the 1960s, after many African countries gained independence, a kind of cultural rebirth occurred, leading to a different attitude towards "African identity." Governments today tend to support national dance and music groups, museums, and, to a lesser extent, artists and writers, even though Western ideas, customs, music, and fashions—through films, radio, television, and travel—have influenced local music, clothing styles, eating habits, and so on, especially among young people.

However, it is important to remember the profound influence exerted throughout the West by African art and music during the 20th century: an artist like Pablo Picasso would have had a very different career without the inspiration he received from African art; North American music itself (blues, spirituals, jazz) cannot be understood without considering the African influence.

For more information on the continent's culture, see the entries African art; African dance; African literature; African mythology; African music.

==Economy==

Before the colonial era, the African population was engaged in livestock farming, subsistence agriculture, and, to a lesser extent, crafts and trade. Most markets were local, although numerous states had developed long-distance trading systems for centuries. These states were characterized by specialized production, communication and trade networks, and complex governmental bodies that regulated the flow of goods. Among these states were the kingdoms of the Sahel, linked to trade with the Mediterranean across the Sahara, the kingdoms of Ghana, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu in West-Central Africa, and Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa; trans-Saharan trade, which began before the Roman era, continued until the 19th century.

In Africa, gold, cola nuts, copper, ostrich feathers, and salt were the main export goods for hundreds of years before European colonization. The imposition of European rule, starting in the 18th century, immediately led to an increase in the demand for slaves, required in far greater quantities than in previous eras: this resulted in serious distortions and disruption in the political and cultural life of African societies, as well as the deportation of millions of people from the central and western regions of the continent. Colonization led to foreign demand for new agricultural and mineral products and the internal migration of labor; new and faster communication systems were built, and European technology and crops were introduced, not always to the benefit of the local population. A market economy thus developed. Local industries and crafts – textiles and iron goods, for example – often could not compete with cheaper and more prestigious European goods.

Processing industries developed, as well as new ports and administrative centers imposed by the new organization of the territory and urban lifestyles. Consumer goods industries arose to meet the latest market demands. A distinctive feature of the African economy is the coexistence of subsistence economies and modern market economies. Future growth depends on the availability of investment capital, global demand for local raw materials and the fairness of their prices, the availability of energy sources, the size of local markets, a possible reduction of foreign debt that paralyzes many African economies, and the willingness of industrialized countries to lower trade barriers for goods produced and processed in Africa.

===Agriculture===

Despite the expansion of trade and industry, Africans remain predominantly employed in agriculture and pastoralism. In North and Northwest Africa, oats, barley, and maize are the most important cereal crops. Dates, olives, and citrus fruits are the main tree crops; numerous species of vegetables are also cultivated. Goats, donkeys, sheep, camels, and horses are the most important livestock.

In the Sahara Desert region, nomadic herders raise camels and goats, and the few farmers settled in the oases cultivate dates and cereals. South of the Sahara, in the Sahel territories and in the more fertile areas occupied by savannas, shifting cultivation – a practice in which small plots are created by burning stretches of savanna, cleared and cultivated, and then abandoned after a few years – is still practiced, but is gradually giving way to stable agriculture. Maize, sorghum, millet, and, along the rivers, rice are the main cereals cultivated in the belt north of the rainforests.

In the wetter forest environments, the production of yams, cassava, and bananas takes over, cultivated especially in the coastal highlands and forest areas of Central Africa; Livestock farming cannot be practiced in these latter areas, which are infested with the tsetse fly, present in about a third of the continent. Traditionally, owning livestock remains an indicator of relative economic and social well-being.

Market-oriented agriculture is widespread throughout the continent. Foodstuffs are produced for local urban markets, while cloves, coffee, pineapples, cotton, cocoa, sugar, tea, maize, rubber, agave, peanuts, palm oil, and tobacco are among the agricultural products that have always been destined for export and industry. In the last twenty years, there has been a significant development in the cultivation of new products for Western markets, especially European ones: green beans, citrus fruits, roses and other flowers, and kiwis. In East and Southern Africa, extensive plantations and agricultural estates, often owned by foreign or European companies, are exploited for the cultivation of citrus fruits, tobacco, tea, and other products destined for export.

===Forestry and fishing===

Approximately a quarter of the African territory is covered by forests, from which local populations obtain timber used as fuel for domestic purposes; this often causes worrying processes of forest degradation, especially around cities. The production of precious woods, mostly destined for export, is economically important. Gabon is the main producer of okoumé, a wood used in the manufacture of plywood; Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia (before the civil war), Ghana, and Nigeria are the main exporters of hardwood, which is highly sought after by Western markets, but the production areas are now becoming depleted.

Fishing is practiced mainly in the lakes of the Rift Valley; sea fishing is widespread primarily for local consumption and has considerable commercial importance in Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Namibia, Mozambique, and South Africa.

===Mineral Resources===

Extractive activity represents the most important item for African foreign trade, and the industries in this sector are among the most developed on the continent. Almost half of the revenue from the trade of minerals comes from South Africa, where there is the greatest concentration of gold and diamond mines, as well as chromium, asbestos, coal, and copper.

Other important countries for extractive activity are: Libya (oil), Nigeria (oil, natural gas, coal and tin), Namibia (diamonds, uranium), Algeria (oil, natural gas, iron ore), Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (copper, cobalt, lead and zinc), Zimbabwe (gold, asbestos, coal, chromium, iron ore and nickel) and Ghana (gold, bauxite and diamonds). Oil is also extracted along the West African coast, in the Gabon Basin, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Angola. Rich uranium deposits are found mainly in South Africa, Niger, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, and Gabon. The Democratic Republic of Congo also has the world's largest reserve of radium. Approximately 20% of the world's copper reserves are concentrated in Zambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. The Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia also possess 90% of the planet's estimated cobalt deposits, while Sierra Leone has the largest reserves of titanium.

Three-quarters of the world's gold comes from Africa; the main producers are South Africa, Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Ghana. Iron ore is found in all regions of the continent. Much of Africa's mineral wealth has been and continues to be managed by large multinational corporations. In recent years, African governments have acquired increasingly larger stakes in economic operations within their own countries.

===Industry===

The extractive industries (minerals and oil) give rise to processing industries, such as refineries and smelters, located in almost all countries rich in minerals and with adequate energy resources. South Africa is the most industrialized of the African countries, although most of them now have more or less developed industrial infrastructures; Zimbabwe, Nigeria, and the North African countries have significant industrial districts.

Heavy industry (metallurgical, mechanical, and transport equipment) is concentrated in Southern Africa and Nigeria. Significant industrial centers have also developed in Kenya, Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria. The mining industries have experienced significant growth in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia; Kenya and Côte d'Ivoire have primarily promoted the textile, light manufacturing, and construction materials industries.

In other countries, industrial activity is limited to the production or assembly of consumer goods such as shoes, bicycles, textiles, food products, and beverages. Such industries often operate at a reduced capacity due to relatively modest market demand. Attempts by African countries to further develop the industrial sector, especially in the processing of agricultural export products to increase their added value, have been considerably hampered by the protectionism of industrialized countries, which impose heavy tariffs on these goods. Another obstacle to trade is the limited development of communication routes between the countries of the continent, which, built during the colonial era, are structured to serve the interests of individual states.

===Energy ===

Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, and Angola are the main African producers of oil; together with other countries, such as Gabon, they are also exporters. Natural gas exports from Africa are mainly from Algeria. Coal production is concentrated primarily in Zimbabwe and South Africa, although numerous other countries possess significant reserves (for example, Botswana), which are not yet exploited due to a lack of markets. Almost all the coal extracted in Africa is destined for domestic consumption.

The increases in oil prices in the 1970s had negative repercussions for many African countries, as they exacerbated serious problems related to the balance of payments and foreign debt. The continent's high potential for hydroelectric power production is only partially exploited due to the high construction costs, the inaccessibility of the sites, and their distance from markets. However, since the 1950s, the large Aswan Dam on the Nile River has been built, although primarily intended to expand irrigated land, as well as the dam on the Volta River and the Kariba and Cabora Bassa dams on the Zambezi; the grandiose "Water Plan" currently under construction in Lesotho also includes the exploitation of hydroelectric power.

=== Transportation ===

The economic development of almost all African nations has been hampered by inadequate transportation systems. Most countries rely on road networks often consisting of rough tracks that become impassable during the rainy season. The road and rail networks built during the colonial period tended to connect inland areas to coastal centers. After decolonization, new road, rail, and air links have been created. Rail and maritime transport systems are more developed in Southern Africa. ===Trade===

The economies of most African countries rely on the export of one or a few products, making them weak and exposed to significant risks. Trade flows are mostly directed towards industrialized countries, which are interested in buying raw materials and exporting industrial and consumer goods. Trade between African states is limited by the competitive rather than complementary nature of their products and, to a lesser extent, by trade barriers (customs duties and exchange rates). A further obstacle is represented by the currencies, which circulate only within each country or certain groups of countries: this forces most transactions to be settled in US dollars or British pounds.

Almost all former British colonies continue to enjoy free trade relations with the United Kingdom and maintain their monetary reserves in London. Former French colonies have mostly maintained close ties with France and belong for the most part to the CFA franc monetary area (African Financial Community). Furthermore, almost all African states have economic relations with the European Union, by virtue of the Lomé Convention, and benefit from reductions in customs duties. Few inter-African economic organizations have been formed and have been successful. The most enduring are the Economic Community of West African States and the Economic Community of Central African States; the most successful are the Southern African Development Community and the Preferential Trade Area of Eastern and Southern Africa. The African Union (AU) also promotes trade and economic development among the countries of the continent.

==History==

Africa is commonly believed to be the cradle of the human race, as evidenced by archaeological discoveries and, in more recent years, by genetic research. Approximately 5 million years ago, a type of hominid, a close relative of modern humans in evolutionary terms, lived in southern and eastern Africa. Over 1.5 million years ago, this hominid, which was capable of making stone tools, evolved into the more advanced forms of *Homo habilis* and *Homo erectus*. *Homo sapiens* appeared in Africa over 200,000 years ago.

The first great African civilization began in the Nile Valley around 5000 BC, where stable settlements based on agriculture emerged, benefiting from the Nile floods for irrigation and the formation of new soils. The need to control the Nile floods gradually led to the establishment of complex state organizations, supported by elaborate political and religious systems. The Kingdom of Egypt maintained relations with other Mediterranean civilizations and, to a lesser extent, with other African civilizations for many centuries. In the upper Nile Valley, the civilizations of Meroë and Axum developed.

In the period between the end of the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the 1st century AD, Rome conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other regions of North Africa; these areas became the granaries of the Roman Empire. Roman rule in North Africa ended in the 5th century with the conquest by the Vandals. In the 6th century, the region, reconquered by Belisarius, became part of the Byzantine Empire.

===The Era of Empires and City-States===

Islamic armies invaded Africa in the decade following the death of Muhammad in 632, and quickly crushed Byzantine resistance in Egypt.

====North Africa====

From their bases in Egypt, the Arabs invaded the Berber states to the west and in the 8th century conquered Morocco. While the Berbers of the coast began to convert to Islam, many others retreated into the Atlas Mountains or further into the Sahara. Arab minorities established autocratic regimes in Algeria and Morocco. The Christian states of Alwa and Maqurra, in the territory of present-day Sudan, also fell into Arab hands, while only the Christian kingdom of Nobatia was strong enough to resist the invaders and imposed a treaty that secured its independence for 600 years. Along the coast, the Arab conquerors remained a small ruling minority for several centuries.

Trade across the Sahara, practiced for millennia, received new impetus during the 8th century. Caravan leaders and religious men spread new political, religious, and social values among the peoples they encountered along the way. Muslims also penetrated Africa from Yemen and founded a series of city-states such as Adal and Harar: the Red Sea thus became a domain of Muslim merchants.

Numerous rival dynasties emerged on the coast of North Africa. In the 8th century, North African Muslims conquered much of the Iberian Peninsula. At the time of the Crusades, a few highly advanced Islamic states dominated the southern and eastern Mediterranean. In the 14th century, Christian Sudan was defeated by the Mamluk armies of Egypt. Egypt, in turn, was conquered by the Ottomans in 1517; however, real power remained in the hands of the Mamluks, who ruled the country until 1798, when they were defeated by Napoleon I. The Ethiopians were overwhelmed by the forces of the Sultanate of Adal, but in 1542 they defeated the Muslims with the help of Portugal.

====West Africa====

Numerous kingdoms arose in West Africa, specifically in the Sahel region; their economy was based on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes. Gold and slaves, coming from the regions further south, were traded for textiles, tools, salt, and weapons that arrived from the north.

=====Ghana=====

The first of these states, the Kingdom of Ghana, arose around the 5th century AD in the territory of present-day Mauritania. In the 11th century, Ghana seized control of the trade routes extending from Morocco in the north to the coastal forests and gold-producing areas of West Africa in the south. The Berber nomads of the Sanhaja confederation (the central part of present-day Mauritania) represented the main link between Ghana and the regions to the north. After the conquest of the northwestern African coasts, the Arabs began to exploit these trade routes. At the beginning of the 11th century, the court of Ghana included Muslim advisors and numerous Muslim merchants who lived in large foreign quarters from which they conducted thriving trade. At the end of the 11th century, the Kingdom of Ghana was conquered by the Almoravids, who later also advanced north to conquer Morocco and Spain. During the 12th century, the Sosso kingdom of Fouta Djallon, formerly a vassal of Ghana, gained supremacy in the region, but fell under the rule of the Mali Empire around 1240.

=====Mali and Songhai=====

Located around the upper reaches of the Senegal and Niger rivers, the Mali Empire developed at the beginning of the 11th century from a group of Mandé tribes. In the mid-13th century, the state experienced a period of expansion under the leadership of the ruler Sundjata Keita and converted to Islam. The Mali Empire reached its zenith under Musa, who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-25, established diplomatic relations with Tunis and Egypt, and brought numerous Muslim scholars and artisans to the empire; from the time of Musa onwards, Mali appeared on geographical maps. After 1400, the empire declined, and the Songhai emerged as the leading state in western Sudan (Sahel region).

The greatest expansion of this state coincided with the reigns of Sonni Ali and Askia Muhammad; during the latter's reign, Islam flourished at court, and Timbuktu became one of the main centers of Islamic culture, famous for its university and book trade. Attracted by the kingdom's wealth, the armies of al-Mansur of Morocco annihilated Gao, the capital of Songhai, in 1591. Following the collapse of Songhai, numerous small kingdoms – Macina, Gonja, Ségou, Kaarta – attempted to establish dominance over western Sudan, but this only resulted in permanent conflicts and economic decline.

=====The Hausa States and Kanem-Bornu=====

To the east of Songhai, between the Niger River and Lake Chad, the Hausa city-states and the kingdom of Kanem-Bornu arose and developed. The Hausa states (Biram, Daura, Katsina, Zaria, Kano, Rano, and Gobir) originated before the 10th century; after the fall of Songhai, trans-Saharan trade shifted eastward, where it came under the control of Katsina and Kano. These cities became centers of flourishing trade and prosperous urban life. Islam was introduced to the Hausa states in the 14th century.

The kingdom of Kanem-Bornu already existed in the 8th century as a state with an uncertain structure, north and east of Lake Chad. Initially, it was ruled by a nomadic population, the Zaghawa, who were later overthrown by the Saifawa dynasty. The new rulers converted to Islam in the 11th century. At the end of the 14th century, driven by the invasion of the region by the Bulala, the sultans of Kanem moved to Bornu. The most famous ruler of Bornu was Idris Aluma (1580-1617). At its height, the Kanem-Bornu controlled the trade routes of the eastern Sahara, connecting Central Africa to Libya and Egypt; however, its slow decline began in the mid-17th century.

=====Spread of Islam=====

During the era of the great Sudanese empires (10th-16th centuries), the lives of farmers, herders, and fishermen remained virtually unchanged, and they continued to practice traditional religions. Islam spread in the large urban centers, among the upper classes and foreigners. From the end of the 15th century, the preaching of the nomadic Arab Kunta began, and in the mid-16th century, the Qadiriyyah Sufi orders began to spread Islam throughout western Sudan. Around the same time, the Fulani, a nomadic pastoral people, migrated eastward from the Senegalese region of Futa Toro, gaining many converts to Islam. However, Islam suffered a certain decline among the ruling classes, so much so that non-Islamic dynasties ruled in some old Muslim strongholds until the 18th century.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Islam regained strength in Futa Toro and other African regions, often as a reaction to European colonial penetration, and spread among the Fulani, Mandingo, Soso, and Tukolor peoples. After overthrowing the old dynasties, theocratic states arose that spread Islam to new regions. In the Hausa states, Usuman dan Fodio led a Fulani revolt, which, between 1804 and 1810, drove out the Hausa rulers and gave rise to new dynasties. However, an attempt to invade Bornu met with successful resistance from the religious leader al-Kanemi. After Usuman's death, power passed to his son Muhammad Bello (1817). Another theocratic state was formed in Macina in 1818 by Seku Ahmadu, who launched a "jihad" against the animist Bambara people and created a kingdom that encompassed the entire Niger River region, from Djenné to Timbuktu. After his death in 1844, he was succeeded by his son, but in 1862 the state fell into the hands of another Islamic reformer, al-Hajj Umar, who created the vast Tukolor empire in the Senegal region before dying in 1864.

====East Africa====

The first historical records of East Africa appear in the *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* (compiled by a Greek sailor around 100 AD), which describes the economic life of the region and its ties to the world beyond Africa. During the first millennium of the Christian era, Indonesian immigrants reached the coasts of Madagascar, introducing new crops, particularly bananas, and new irrigation systems. Bantu-speaking peoples settled in the immediate interior, organizing themselves into clans and assimilating the Khoisan peoples. Arab merchants settled on the coast, initiating the export of gold, ivory, and slaves, and later founded several city-states, including Mogadishu, Malindi, Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate, and Sofala. The ruling classes were composed of Arab-Indo-African mixed-race people; the population was of Bantu ethnicity, mostly reduced to slavery. These mercantile city-states were oriented towards the sea, and their political influence on the inland peoples was practically non-existent until the 19th century.

The complex and advanced states of the Great Lakes region experienced their first developments in the 14th century, but very little is known about their earlier history. According to some, Cushitic peoples descended from the Ethiopian highlands to dominate the indigenous Bantu peoples. It is believed that the Cushites are the ancestors of the Tutsi peoples of the modern-day states of Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi. Located between Lake Victoria and Lake Edward, the first kingdoms flourished before 1500, when they were overwhelmed by a first wave of Luo peoples from Sudan. Among the great states that formed in the region, Bunyoro was the most powerful until the second half of the 18th century. Later, the expansion of Buganda began; a complex centralized bureaucracy was then established, under which most of the district chiefs and territorial organizations were appointed by the king (the "kabaka").

Further south, in Rwanda and Burundi, an aristocracy of Tutsi cattle herders dominated the Bantu peoples from the 16th century onwards.

====Central Africa====

Starting in the 9th century, Bantu-speaking peoples founded farming communities in the Congolese savanna. In some regions, trade developed with the east coast, especially in copper and ivory. During the 14th century, the Kingdom of Kongo was founded, dominating a region of present-day Angola, between the Congo and Loge rivers and between the Cuango (Kwango) river and the Atlantic Ocean. Here, a complex political system developed, headed by numerous provincial governors and, ultimately, by a sovereign chosen from among the descendants of the founding king Wene.

In the area between the upper course of the Kasai River and Lake Tanganyika, around 1500, the small Bantu kingdoms were united by the mythical leader Nkongolo into an empire. However, the lack of adequate centralizing mechanisms led to repeated dynastic struggles and divisions among the states. Around 1600, a young heir to the dynasty left the kingdom and founded the Lunda Empire, which was very short-lived. Members of the royal house then set out to conquer new territories and founded the kingdoms of Bemba, Kasanje, and Kazembe. The latter, the largest and most powerful of the Luba-Lunda states, dominated southern Shaba and parts of the Zimbabwean plateau between 1750 and 1850.

====Southern Africa====

Oral tradition and archaeology do not allow for a precise understanding of the settlement of Southern Africa. The Shona, descendants of the Karanga, formed various kingdoms starting in the 11th century, particularly the Kingdom of Zimbabwe. They later organized themselves into various federations, the most notable of which is the Kingdom of Mwene Mutapa, whose prosperity was based on gold and copper trade. At its height in the 16th century, the kingdom's influence extended from the Zambezi River to the Kalahari Desert, the Indian Ocean, and the Limpopo River.

Before the 19th century, some Bantu-speaking peoples had driven out or assimilated Khoisan populations and established numerous states. At the beginning of the 19th century, demographic pressure and the outbreak of famines led to a series of wars and large-scale migrations (the Mfecane) that involved all of Southern and Central Africa. The Mfecane began around 1816, when the Zulu king Shaka developed new military techniques and engaged in wars of conquest against neighboring peoples. The defeated tribes migrated from the southeastern regions of Southern Africa and, having learned new battle techniques from the Zulus, annihilated peoples living in more remote regions, who in turn were forced to seek new lands. The Ndwandwe, led by Sobhuza, pushed north where, around 1820, they founded the Swazi kingdom. The Ngoni also moved north, crossing Mozambique and passing beyond Lake Malawi; in 1848 they established five kingdoms that carried out repeated raids between Lake Victoria and the Zambezi River. Another group, led by Soshangane, migrated to southern Mozambique, where they founded the state of Gaza around 1830. The Kololo migrated north, where they clashed with the Lozi. The Ndebele moved west (1824-1834) and north (1837) into the region of present-day Zimbabwe, founding a kingdom in Matabeleland.

===European Imperialism===

With Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese began the exploration of the African coasts. Numerous expeditions were organized starting in 1420, and each expanded knowledge of the African coast southward until, in 1497-98, Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

The Portuguese explorations were driven by several impulses: a thirst for knowledge, a desire for conquest, the search for potential allies against the Islamic threat, and the hope of discovering new and lucrative trade routes to the East. The Portuguese were followed by the English, French, and Dutch, who disrupted existing economic and political systems. They faced hardships and began exploiting the resources of the African regions and engaging in the slave trade.

====Trade Routes====

The Portuguese founded numerous trading posts along the West African coast; the main one was El Mina, established on the Gold Coast in 1482. In fact, Europeans believed that only this area and the regions of Congo and Luanda were favorable for trade. Gold, ivory, foodstuffs, and African slaves were exchanged for iron, firearms, and textiles. The Portuguese attracted merchants from other European countries, who, in the 16th century, created new trading posts or tried to monopolize existing trade routes.

In West Africa, these new developments in trade had considerable repercussions. Previously, trade routes were directed north, across the Sahara, mainly towards the Muslim world; subsequently, the flow of trade began to shift towards the coast, and as the savanna states declined economically, the coastal states increased their wealth and power. They quickly came into conflict with each other for control of the trade routes and for the acquisition of the new firearms introduced by the Europeans.

====The Slave Trade====

With the beginning of the slave trade to the Americas, the conflicts over the control of African trade intensified. During the four centuries in which the slave trade was practiced, millions upon millions of Africans were victims of this trafficking in human lives. The first important kingdom to profit from the slave trade was Benin. From the end of the 17th century, it was supplanted by the kingdoms of Dahomey and Oyo.

By the mid-18th century, the Ashanti had risen to become the main African power. During the reign of the Asantehene (king) Osei Kojo (1764-1777), Ashanti armies pushed towards the European trading posts located along the Gold Coast. They secured regular supplies of firearms, which they used to expand northwards and fight against Dahomey for control of the eastern frontiers. Further east, the Yoruba kingdom of Oyo declined at the end of the 18th century, with the outbreak of civil war and the intervention of Fulani forces from the north. Around 1835 the imperial capital was abandoned, and in the Battle of Oshogbo (c. 1840) the Fulani were repelled. The civil wars lasted until 1893, when the Yoruba kingdom disintegrated into numerous rival states.

At the turn of the 18th century, Great Britain began to adopt an attitude against the slave trade, and after the Mansfield ruling of 1772, Great Britain decided to establish a colony in West Africa for former slaves. The first attempt (1787-1790) at St George's Bay (in present-day Sierra Leone) failed; a second attempt was made by abolitionists who, in 1787, founded Freetown. After prohibiting the slave trade in 1807, the British made Freetown a useful base for conducting naval operations against this trade; in 1808 Sierra Leone became a British Crown colony. The example of Sierra Leone attracted Americans interested in the emancipation of blacks, and in early 1822, the American Colonization Society founded a colony, Liberia, at nearby Cape Mesurado. ====British Expansion====

The British design to suppress the slave trade (for both humanitarian and economic reasons: slaves provided competitors with cheap labor) found expression in attempts to reorient African trade towards other exports, such as palm oil, in strengthening missionary activity, and in imposing British law on territories previously held by British merchants. These developments often involved the United Kingdom in conflicts with African states and led it to declare its sovereignty over increasing portions of territory. In 1821, the British government assumed control of a series of fortifications in the Gold Coast. Two years later, the first of a series of wars between the British and the Ashanti broke out, lasting until 1826; these conflicts would continue for a long time: the British only managed to permanently subdue the Ashanti in 1900. In the Niger Delta, in Nigeria, the abolition of slavery led to the development of the palm oil trade and the need to establish a port; the British were also anxious to remove slave traders from the delta states (Calabar, Bonny, and Brass). Consequently, in 1852, they forced the ruler of Lagos to accept British protection, and in 1861 Lagos was annexed by the United Kingdom as a crown colony.

====Central and East Africa====

In Central and East Africa, European influence had diverse consequences. Arriving on the Congolese and Angolan coast towards the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese immediately allied themselves with the rulers of Congo, who converted to Christianity and attempted to create a state inspired by Western institutions. Their plan failed due to fratricidal wars and the introduction of the slave trade by the Portuguese. The region soon became the scene of fierce conflicts, and during the 16th century, the kingdom collapsed. Further south, the Portuguese founded Luanda in 1575 and used it as a base to penetrate the interior of Angola; approximately half of the slaves sent to the Americas came from this region. Upon arriving on the East African coast, the Portuguese attempted to disrupt the trade flow to the Muslim world, resulting in the destruction of many city-states, the occupation of others, and a profound economic crisis throughout the region.

In 1698, the East African coast returned to the rule of local leaders, but during the 18th century, it came under the control of the Sultans of Oman. At the beginning of the 19th century, Sultan Sayyid Said, ruler of Oman, transferred the seat of the sultanate to Zanzibar, which was subsequently used to strengthen control over the coast, penetrate the interior, and trade with the states of the Great Lakes region. British attempts to control the slave trade in East Africa, which was less significant than the trade managed by Europeans in West Africa, culminated in a treaty signed in 1822 that prohibited the sale of slaves to subjects of Christian countries. However, the treaty did not end the trade: many Africans were captured and destined for the clove plantations in Zanzibar and the markets of the Middle East.

In Ethiopia, the arrival of the Portuguese had hindered the Muslim conquest. In 1542, the Ethiopians repelled the Muslims with the help of the Portuguese, who, in 1632, following religious disputes, were expelled from the Ethiopian kingdom. Subsequently, Ethiopia entered a period of isolation and decline and was fragmented into a series of small kingdoms ruled by local lords (the so-called "ras"). Theodore II, with the help of the clergy, subdued most of the feudal lords in 1855 and founded an empire.

====Southern Africa====

The Portuguese largely ignored Southern Africa, but their rivals, the Dutch, from 1652 onwards, developed the area as a stopover on the route to the Indies. For a short period, settlers were encouraged to settle around Cape Town; thus, a new culture and a new people, the Boers or Afrikaners, developed. Despite the opposition of the London government, the Boers began to penetrate the interior in search of better lands and, after 1815, to escape British control. During these incursions, they encountered the Zulu and other Bantu peoples with whom they came into conflict over the possession of territories. During their migrations, the Boers were among the first white people to explore the interior regions of Africa.

====The Partition of the Continent====

At the end of the 18th century, interest in science and the search for new markets spurred a new era of exploration. The British explorer James Bruce reached the source of the Blue Nile in 1770, while his compatriot Mungo Park explored (1795 and 1805) the course of the Niger River. The German explorer Heinrich Barth ventured into the western part of the Sudanese Sahel, while the Scottish missionary David Livingstone explored the Zambezi River and in 1855 named the waterfalls Victoria Falls, which the local population called Musi-oa-Tunya ("the smoke that thunders"). Following (and sometimes preceding) the explorers were Christian missionaries, and in their wake, merchants.

The expansion of European private interests in Africa corresponded to greater involvement of their governments. The French began the conquest of Algeria and Senegal in the first decades of the 19th century, but the systematic occupation of tropical Africa only occurred in the second half of the century. In 1876, King Leopold II of Belgium established the International Congo Association, a private company for the exploration and colonization of the region, directed by Henry Morton Stanley. From 1880 to 1905, much of Africa was divided among Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Portugal. From 1884, the strong rivalry between the European powers seeking further territorial acquisitions and the poorly defined boundaries of their various territories posed a threat to international relations. To resolve these problems, the Berlin Conference was convened, attended by delegates from European nations and the United States.

At the Congress of Berlin (1884-85), the European powers defined their spheres of influence and established the rules for the future occupation of the African coasts and for navigation on the Congo and Niger rivers. A rule was also established according to which, when a power acquired new territories in Africa or assumed a protectorate over a region of the continent, it had to notify the other signatory powers. During the following 15 years, the European nations signed numerous treaties, which implemented and modified the provisions of the conference. Two were signed by Great Britain in 1890: the first, with Germany, delimited the spheres of influence of the two powers in Africa; the second, with France, recognized British interests in the region between Lake Chad and the Niger River and legitimized French influence in the Sahara. Other agreements, in particular those between Great Britain and Italy in 1891, between France and Germany in 1894, and between Great Britain and France in 1899, further defined the limits of the various European companies operating in Africa.

====African Resistance====

No African state was present at the Berlin Congress, and none of them were among the signatories of the agreements that resulted from it. When possible, the decisions made in Europe were resisted when they were applied on African soil. The French faced a revolt in Algeria (1870) and encountered strong resistance (1881-1905) in their attempts to control the Sahara. In western Sudan, the Mandinka ruler Samory Touré and Ahmadu, the son and successor of al-Hajj Umar of the Tukolor state, tried to maintain their independence, but both were defeated by the French: Ahmadu in 1893 and Samory five years later. Dahomey was occupied by French forces in 1892; The Wadai region was the last to fall into French hands in 1900.

British administrators encountered similar resistance from the Boers and Zulus in Southern Africa in 1880-81 and 1899-1902 (Anglo-Boer War). British and Boer settlers conquered Matabeleland in 1893, and three years later, both the Matabele (Ndebele) and Shona rebelled. Revolts broke out repeatedly in the Ashanti region and Sierra Leone (1897) in 1893-94, 1895-96, and 1900. The British conquest of the Fulani-Hausa states also met with resistance (1901-1903). Sokoto revolted in 1906. The Germans faced the Herero uprising in South-West Africa (1904-1908).

Only the Ethiopians, led by Emperor Menelik II (reigning 1889-1909), successfully resisted European conquest, annihilating the Italian troops at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

===African Nationalism===

Once the territories were conquered and pacified, the European administrations began developing transportation systems to facilitate the shipment of raw materials from the interior regions for export; the colonial powers also established tax systems that required payment in kind or through forms of unpaid labor for infrastructure construction. Both of these policies were well underway when World War I broke out. During the conflict, the German territories in West and South-West Africa were conquered and subsequently entrusted under mandate by the League of Nations to the various Allied powers. Thousands of Africans were conscripted or employed as porters by the Allied armies. Opposition to the war was limited to the short-lived rebellion of John Chilembwe (1915), an African priest, in Nyasaland (now Malawi).

After World War I, the exploitation of the colonies was mitigated by efforts to provide the populations with education and basic social services. However, colonies with white settlements, such as Algeria, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Kenya, were granted significant self-governing bodies. Southern Rhodesia became a British colony with its own autonomous government in 1923, but Africans did not have the right to vote.

In the years between the two world wars, numerous African protest and nationalist movements began to emerge, initiated by groups of Western-educated Africans, but only in Algeria and Egypt did mass parties arise. Ethiopia, which had successfully resisted European colonization, lost its freedom due to the Italian invasion of 1936 and did not regain independence until after World War II. With the outbreak of the war, Africans fought in the Allied armies, and the colonies supported their cause. Fighting on the continent, limited to the northern and northeastern regions, ended in May 1943.

===The New Africa===
After World War II, the European colonial powers emerged economically and psychologically weakened, while the international role of the US and Soviet superpowers had grown. In the French colonies of North Africa, a strong nationalist movement developed from 1947 onwards. The Algerian revolution began in 1954 and continued until 1962, the year the country gained independence, which had already been achieved by Morocco and Tunisia in 1956. In French Sub-Saharan Africa, President Charles de Gaulle had tried to prevent nationalist movements by granting the inhabitants of the overseas territories full citizenship status and allowing deputies and senators from each territory to sit in the French Parliament. However, the limitations on the right to vote and representation for each territory proved unacceptable.

In the British colonies, the pace of change accelerated after the war. Mass parties began to appear, encompassing the widest possible range of social, ethnic, and economic groups. In Sudan, disagreements between Egypt and Great Britain regarding the direction of Sudanese self-government led the British to grant independence in 1954. During the 1950s, the examples of newly independent nations, the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya, and the skill of some popular African leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah produced new impulses for independence. Ghana gained independence in 1957, Guinea in 1958. In 1960 alone, seventeen sovereign African nations were born.

By the end of the 1970s, almost all of Africa was independent. The Portuguese possessions – Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and Mozambique – finally gained independence in 1974-75, after years of violent conflict. France relinquished the Comoros Islands in 1975, and Djibouti gained independence in 1977. In 1976, Spain abandoned Spanish Sahara, which was then divided between Mauritania and Morocco; however, a fierce war for independence continued there. Mauritania ceded its portion in 1979, but Morocco, taking control of the entire territory, continued to fight the local Polisario Front.

Zimbabwe gained independence in 1980. The last major colonial possession on the continent, Namibia, achieved independence in 1990. But it was not until 1994 that the black majority in South Africa obtained its "independence" through a democratically elected government.

Africa emerged from the colonial period in a situation of serious economic, political, and social crisis. Furthermore, most African countries retained the borders arbitrarily drawn at the end of the 19th century by European diplomats and administrators. In many cases, ethnic groups were divided by national borders, and loyalty to ethnic groups was often much stronger than loyalty to the state: the immediate consequence was the outbreak of violent rebellions and ethnic conflicts in many countries (for example, the Biafran War).

To avoid ethnic conflicts and try to maintain internal stability, many of the new democracies soon became authoritarian one-party regimes, whose survival depended on the financial and military support of the superpowers. African regimes, however, were characterized by extreme instability and frequent changes of power through bloody military coups.

Economic development also represented an insurmountable problem for the new Africa. Although African states possessed considerable natural resources, few had the financial means necessary to develop their economies. Foreign private companies often considered investments in these unstable regions too risky, and the only possibility for many African countries to access credit was to turn to industrialized countries and international financial institutions, with whom they contracted enormous debts, which ended up greatly hindering their already limited possibilities for economic and social development; in the 1980s, the repayment of these loans led many African economies to near bankruptcy.

===Recent Developments===

Meanwhile, the expectations of African nations for a better standard of living have increased. While the price of goods and other imported products has risen steadily, the same has not happened for the price of most major African products on world markets. The global recession of the early 1980s multiplied the difficulties that had begun with the increase in oil prices in the 1970s. Serious problems in international trade and the burden of foreign debt aggravated popular discontent. In the 1980s, famine and Droughts have affected the central and northern regions of the continent, forcing millions of refugees to leave their homelands in search of food, exacerbating the problems of the countries that have taken them in.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, prolonged local conflicts in Chad, Somalia, Sudan, the Sahara region, Southern Africa, and throughout the continent caused government destabilization, halted economic progress, and resulted in the loss of thousands of lives. At the end of the civil war in Ethiopia in 1991, an autonomous government was formed in Eritrea, which declared the country's independence in 1993. In April 1994, after the death of the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi in a plane crash, fierce conflicts erupted between the two main ethnic groups in Rwanda, the Hutu and the Tutsi.

Due to its precarious institutions and the prolonged severe economic crisis, Africa's international political weight has further diminished, and the continent is currently experiencing, on the one hand, a violent clash of economic and cultural interests between the United States and France, and on the other hand, the attempt of Islamic fundamentalism to impose its hegemony in various countries.

In the early 1990s, the end of the apartheid regime in South Africa under Nelson Mandela sparked new hopes on the African continent, which, however, will have to contend not only with the critical continental reality but also with a difficult international economic and political situation.

== Fun Facts ==
* Africa is the hottest continent in the world, but the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is often covered in snow.
* Lake Assal in Djibouti is the lowest point in Africa and is located approximately 155 meters below sea level.
* There are over 25,000 species of plants in Africa, many of which are not found anywhere else in the world. * The largest city in Africa is Cairo, Egypt, with a population of over 20 million inhabitants.
* Africa is home to some of the world's largest nature reserves, including Kruger National Park in South Africa and the Serengeti in Tanzania.
* The Nile River, the longest river in the world, flows through 11 African countries.
* It is estimated that approximately 90% of the world's diamonds come from Africa.
* The city of Timbuktu in Mali was an important cultural and commercial center in the Middle Ages and was home to one of the world's first universities.

{{Continents}}
[[Category:Africa|*]]

User talk:Gstar

2026-01-02T20:32:33Z

Gstar: /* Colors */ msg

== Templates in animal crossing ==

Could you copy the new leaf, happy home designer, and new horizons info from PikloDex into this wiki? And the Monobook css too? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 13:26, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:Yes. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 13:35, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::Could you fix my [[Template:Japanese e-card]] template and remove roundy parts? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 13:41, 7 December 2025 (EST)

== Vacation and the iDaisy Wiki ==

Hi, Gstar. I’m currently on vacation, so I can’t edit wikis as much until December 28-29. I made you an account on idaisy.snowsherrill.com . Password is change me123. I also granted you sysop rights. Could you remove the Christmas notice? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 11:22, 26 December 2025 (EST)
:Actually I removed the Christmas notice. Yes, Walt is me. Could you rename me to Now, Faster on the iDaisy wiki and from Red Phoenix to Now, Faster on Indy.snowsherrill.com [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 11:42, 26 December 2025 (EST)

== Hello username ==

Hi, Gstar. The Hello username has been changed. This username is not allowed on all snowsherrill.com wikis. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 11:52, 26 December 2025 (EST)

== Vandalism ==

A vandal on Indy.snowsherrill.com is vandalizing my user page with sea otter content. The sea otter song is banned. Please see http://idaisy.snowsherrill.com/index.php?title=iDaisy_Woo . Could you block the vandal? The vandal also added a my dear, stay in one place image. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 20:06, 30 December 2025 (EST)
:Blocked. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 08:44, 31 December 2025 (EST)
::Thank you. The Disney magic kingdoms wiki has been closed and is filled with too much spam. I have a backup of italia files but I couldn’t import it. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 09:32, 31 December 2025 (EST)
:::No problem. I'd rather leave the Italia stuff in the past, personally.[[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 14:06, 31 December 2025 (EST)
::::Yeah, Italia is quite nostalgic. Could you copy off Mathilda’s page from nookipedia and animal crossing enciclopedia (Happy new year) [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 14:12, 31 December 2025 (EST)
:::::To this wiki or indy.snowsherrill.com? The latter seems more direct in scope. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 14:13, 31 December 2025 (EST)
::::::Camianpedia. Could you also copy off page January from simple English Wikipedia on this wiki but with piklodex’s format (as for house screenshots it NEEDS to be in house section on this wiki) [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 14:55, 31 December 2025 (EST)
:::::::Could you fix the formatting of [[Mathilda]]’s page and copy the rest from AC fandom wiki on this wiki? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 15:50, 31 December 2025 (EST)
::::::::I been struggling a bit due to exhaustion. Didn't you want it from Enciclopedia? [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 16:07, 31 December 2025 (EST)
:::::::::Yeah i said enciclopedia [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 16:35, 31 December 2025 (EST)

== Mathilda ==

Could you copy the mathilda pocket camp information to the animal crossing fandom wiki? Because most fandom wiki pages have PC information. Be sure to credit this site and me as “Now, Faster aka Jared2222”. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 09:51, 2 January 2026 (EST)
:You probably know a lot more than me about implementing ''Pocket Camp'' info, since that's a game I've not played. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 15:32, 2 January 2026 (EST)

== Colors ==

This wiki doesn’t use British English spelling like “Colours”. We use “colors” instead. This wiki is designed for general audiences. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 10:13, 2 January 2026 (EST)
:Ironically, British English is used in most parts of the globe. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 10:30, 2 January 2026 (EST)
::Yeah, per snowsherrill.com’s policies, all pages need to be in American English because it is more populous than British countries. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 14:00, 2 January 2026 (EST)
:::Could you copy off the page [[Africa]] from https://wikibigino.miraheze.org/wiki/Africa [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 14:04, 2 January 2026 (EST)
::::Yeah, lemme take a look. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 15:32, 2 January 2026 (EST)

User talk:Gstar

2026-01-02T20:32:21Z

Gstar: /* Mathilda */ msg

User talk:Gstar

2026-01-02T15:30:19Z

Gstar: /* Colors */ ironically

== Templates in animal crossing ==

Could you copy the new leaf, happy home designer, and new horizons info from PikloDex into this wiki? And the Monobook css too? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 13:26, 7 December 2025 (EST)
:Yes. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 13:35, 7 December 2025 (EST)
::Could you fix my [[Template:Japanese e-card]] template and remove roundy parts? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 13:41, 7 December 2025 (EST)

== Vacation and the iDaisy Wiki ==

Hi, Gstar. I’m currently on vacation, so I can’t edit wikis as much until December 28-29. I made you an account on idaisy.snowsherrill.com . Password is change me123. I also granted you sysop rights. Could you remove the Christmas notice? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 11:22, 26 December 2025 (EST)
:Actually I removed the Christmas notice. Yes, Walt is me. Could you rename me to Now, Faster on the iDaisy wiki and from Red Phoenix to Now, Faster on Indy.snowsherrill.com [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 11:42, 26 December 2025 (EST)

== Hello username ==

Hi, Gstar. The Hello username has been changed. This username is not allowed on all snowsherrill.com wikis. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 11:52, 26 December 2025 (EST)

== Vandalism ==

A vandal on Indy.snowsherrill.com is vandalizing my user page with sea otter content. The sea otter song is banned. Please see http://idaisy.snowsherrill.com/index.php?title=iDaisy_Woo . Could you block the vandal? The vandal also added a my dear, stay in one place image. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 20:06, 30 December 2025 (EST)
:Blocked. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 08:44, 31 December 2025 (EST)
::Thank you. The Disney magic kingdoms wiki has been closed and is filled with too much spam. I have a backup of italia files but I couldn’t import it. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 09:32, 31 December 2025 (EST)
:::No problem. I'd rather leave the Italia stuff in the past, personally.[[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 14:06, 31 December 2025 (EST)
::::Yeah, Italia is quite nostalgic. Could you copy off Mathilda’s page from nookipedia and animal crossing enciclopedia (Happy new year) [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 14:12, 31 December 2025 (EST)
:::::To this wiki or indy.snowsherrill.com? The latter seems more direct in scope. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 14:13, 31 December 2025 (EST)
::::::Camianpedia. Could you also copy off page January from simple English Wikipedia on this wiki but with piklodex’s format (as for house screenshots it NEEDS to be in house section on this wiki) [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 14:55, 31 December 2025 (EST)
:::::::Could you fix the formatting of [[Mathilda]]’s page and copy the rest from AC fandom wiki on this wiki? [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 15:50, 31 December 2025 (EST)
::::::::I been struggling a bit due to exhaustion. Didn't you want it from Enciclopedia? [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 16:07, 31 December 2025 (EST)
:::::::::Yeah i said enciclopedia [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 16:35, 31 December 2025 (EST)

== Mathilda ==

Could you copy the mathilda pocket camp information to the animal crossing fandom wiki? Because most fandom wiki pages have PC information. Be sure to credit this site and me as “Now, Faster aka Jared2222”. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 09:51, 2 January 2026 (EST)

== Colors ==

This wiki doesn’t use British English spelling like “Colours”. We use “colors” instead. This wiki is designed for general audiences. [[User:Now, Faster|Now, Faster]] ([[User talk:Now, Faster|talk]]) 10:13, 2 January 2026 (EST)
:Ironically, British English is used in most parts of the globe. [[User:Gstar|Gstar]] ([[User talk:Gstar|talk]]) 10:30, 2 January 2026 (EST)

Cheetah

2026-01-01T21:33:00Z

Gstar: credit to https://wikibigino.miraheze.org/wiki/Ghepardo for information. author: Persycchiotto

[[File:Cheetah at Working with Wildlife.jpg|thumb|Cheetah (*Acinonyx jubatus*)]]
The '''cheetah''' is the common name for the large predatory mammal classified as *Acinonyx jubatus* in the Felidae family.

Once widespread in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], the cheetah is now limited to some areas of East and Southern [[Africa]], [[Iran]], and northwestern [[Afghanistan]]. According to surveys conducted in the 1990s, the African population totals approximately 12,000 specimens, with the largest group found in [[Ethiopia]].

==Physical characteristics==
Comparable in size to the [[leopard]] (about 50 kg in weight), the cheetah has a more slender body, longer and thinner legs than any other feline, and a smaller head. Excluding the tail, it measures from 1.1 to 1.5 m in length. It has a yellowish coat with a lighter belly and circular black spots; even the cubs have a spotted coat, but, until four months of age, it is long, silky, and gray on the back and head.

The cheetah has short claws without sheaths, which makes them non-retractable. This characteristic, like others that distinguish the cheetah from most other felines, gives it an advantage in running: the [[claw]]s remain exposed and therefore favor greater stability on the ground. Other adaptations of this formidable predator for fast running include a particularly efficient respiratory system, a highly developed heart, paw pads shaped to facilitate sudden braking, and a very flexible spine, which allows the animal to lengthen by about 11% while running. Furthermore, it has proportionally smaller canine teeth than other felines; The adaptive advantage of this characteristic perhaps lies in the fact that the nasal cavities can consequently be wider, thus improving the efficiency of breathing.

All these peculiarities contribute to making the cheetah an excellent sprinter, unbeatable in speed and power in the first 200-300 meters of a run; after this limit, however, the endurance of its prey – mainly [[gazelle]]s and [[antelope]]s – prevails in a hunt.

== Behavior and hunting technique ==
The female cheetah leads a solitary life for most of the time, except during the period when she is raising her cubs. Adult males roam alone or in small groups of two or three individuals, often related, joining the females only during the mating season.

The cheetah's hunting technique consists of spotting the prey and catching it while running; it therefore differs from that of the leopard – a related feline – which uses its sense of smell to locate prey and carries out the actual capture through stalking and ambush. Over short distances, the cheetah is absolutely the fastest land animal, reaching speeds of approximately 100 km/h. It hunts during the day and feeds mainly on antelopes and gazelles, which it eats entirely, except for the bones, skin, and intestines; its main [[Competition (biology)|competitors]] are [[lion]]s and [[hyena]]s, which often threaten its prey; however, to avoid direct competition, the cheetah has developed predominantly diurnal habits, while lions and hyenas are more active after dusk.

== Biology and reproduction ==
The average lifespan of a cheetah is 12-14 years; the female reaches reproductive maturity around 24-36 months, the male around 30-36 months. Reproduction can occur throughout the year; gestation lasts 90-98 days, and the interval between births is typically 15-19 months.

== An endangered species ==
Today, the cheetah is [[endangered]] in much of its range. Besides the fact that it possesses a valuable coat, highly sought after by hunters, and that it is targeted by shepherds who fear for their flocks, one of the causes that probably underlies its sharp decline in numbers is the frequency with which these animals mate with relatives: this practice leads to reduced [[genetic variability]] within [[Population (ecology)|populations]] and therefore to poor adaptability of the species, which offers the mechanisms of [[natural selection]] a limited number of options.

CITES protects the cheetah by classifying it in Appendix I (the list of endangered species previously subject to international trade, for which trade is now permitted only in exceptional cases).

'''Scientific classification:''' The cheetah is classified as "Acinonyx jubatus" in the family [[Felidae]], order [[Carnivora]], class [[Mammalia]], subphylum [[Vertebrata]], phylum [[Chordata]].

{{Animals}}
[[Category:Endangered species]]

Mathilda

2026-01-01T01:57:51Z

Gstar: translated from https://animalcrossing.wikidex.net/wiki/Pugilda

{{cleanup|Poor format, needs to be piklodex format}}
{{Villager
|image=[[File:Mathilda NH.png|200px]]
|caption=Mathilda's artwork for ''Animal Crossing: New Horizons''
|first_appearance=''[[Dōbutsu no Mori]]'' (2001)
|latest_appearance=''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' (2020)
|gender=Female
|species=[[Kangaroo]]
|personality=[[Snooty]]
|birthday=[[November]] 12th
|favorite_saying="Nail polish is thicker than water."
|catchphrase="wee baby"
}}
'''Mathilda''' is a [[kangaroo]] [[villager]] from the ''Animal Crossing'' franchise who appears in every game to date. Her name may come from the famous Australian song called "[[Waltzing Matilda]]," which shares this trait with another kangaroo villager, [[Walt]].

In ''New Horizons'', Mathilda has the fitness hobby, and she wears sporty shades and lifts heavy dumbbells while exercising.

==Appearance==
Mathilda has a unique and curious appearance. Unlike most brown kangaroos, she has black fur. To complement this, her mouth, ears, and small areas around her wrists and ankles are colored a dark purple. Her initial outfit contrasts with this dark theme with a dazzling white, featuring a small red design in the center. Finally, something that is sometimes overlooked, Mathilda has a baby in her pouch, just like other kangaroos in the game. This little joey matches Mathilda's appearance, and only its head is visible.

==Personality==
Mathilda has the [[snooty]] personality, which means she loves makeup and gossip. Mathilda will initially be rude and arrogant towards the [[player]], often talking about herself and her own experiences. She will also talk about the style and appearance of other villagers, usually [[normal]], [[peppy]], and other snooty villagers. She will soon warm up to the player, confiding in them about her feelings but remaining subtly rude. Mathilda doesn't get along with [[lazy]] villagers because they don't care about their appearance or because they dislike what she eats, and she doesn't get along with [[jock]] villagers because they will question her about her physical appearance and don't care about fashion. However, she will get along with [[cranky]] villagers due to their similar rude personalities.

==House==
{{stub}}

==Game data==
{{stub}}

==Card profiles==
===''Animal Crossing'' e-Reader card===
{{E-card
| number = 169
| name = Mathilda
| front = Animal Crossing-e 3-169 (Mathilda).jpg
| gender = Female
| species = Kangaroo
| sign = Scorpio
| clothes = U R here shirt
| phrase = wee baby
| description = Mathilda's baby learns something new every day just by watching her mother. Unfortunately, most of Mathilda's life lessons involve either tricking or teasing other animals. Oh well.
| p1line1 = @E#KrVqXML9KFo
| p1line2 = OxnmMsfEYSVnyG
| prevcard = Carrie
| prevnum = 168
| prevtype = Kangaroo
| nextcard = Quetzal
| nextnum = 170
| nexttype = Eagle
}}

===amiibo card===
{{A-card
| number = 162
| name = Mathilda
| front = 162 Mathilda amiibo card NA.png
| dice = 3
| hand = Scissors
| type = Kangaroo
| sign = Scorpio
| bday = November 12
| prevcard = Teddy
| prevtype = Bear
| prevnumb = 161
| nextcard = Ed
| nexttype = Horse
| nextnumb = 163
}}

==Names in other languages==
{{Foreignname
|ja=アザラク
|ja-r=Azaraku
|ja-m=From "aza" meaning birthmark or bruise, referencing the purple patches on her body
|ko=안젤라
|ko-r=Anjella
|ko-m=Angela
|es=Pugilda
|es-m=From "púgil", ''boxer''
|fr=Mathilde
|fr-m=French form of the name Mathilda
|de=Marga
|de-m=Short for Margaret
|it=Matilda
|it-m=Italian spelling of Mathilda, also the spelling used in the song "{{Wp|Waltzing Matilda}}" which she is named for
|nl=Mathilda
|nl-m=Same as English name
|ru=Матильда
|ru-r=Matil'da
|ru-m=Same as English name
|zh=亚莎
|zh-r=Yà shā
|zh-m=-
|zht=亞莎
|zht-r=aa3 saa1
|zht-m=-
}}

==References==
<references/>

{{Navbox Kangaroo}}
{{Navbox Snooty}}
{{Navbox Villager PC/Cool}}

File:Mathilda NH.png

2026-01-01T01:56:17Z

Gstar:

== Licensing ==
{{character-artwork}}

User talk:Gstar

2025-12-31T21:07:51Z

Gstar: /* Vandalism */ asked

January

2025-12-31T20:38:37Z

Gstar: small things

{{monththisyear|1}}
'''January''' (Jan.) is the first [[month]] of the [[year]] in the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] and [[Gregorian calendar]]s, coming between [[December]] (of the previous year) and [[February]] (of the current year). It has 31 [[day]]s.

January begins on the same day of the week as [[October]] in [[common year]]s, and [[April]] and [[July]] in [[leap year]]s. January ends on the same day of the week as [[February]] and [[October]] in [[common year]]s, and [[July]] in [[leap year]]s.

== Overview ==
[[File:Sneeuw1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Snow]] in January in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], where it is a [[winter]] month.]]
January is named for [[Janus]], the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] [[god]] of [[door]]s and [[gate]]s.

January and [[February]] were put on the [[calendar]] after all the other months. This is because in the original [[Roman calendar]], [[winter]] did not have months. Although [[March]] was originally the first month, January became the new first month because that was when people chose the new [[Roman Republic|consul]]s (Roman leaders). The month has 31 days.

January is a [[winter]] month in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and a [[summer]] month in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. In each [[hemisphere]], it is the seasonal equivalent of [[July]] in the other. [[Perihelion]], the point in its orbit where the [[Earth]] is closest to the [[Sun]], also occurs in this month, between [[January 2]] and [[January 5]]. January is the only month of the year that always has a "twin" - a month that both begins and ends on the same day of the week as it does. In a common year, this is [[October]], and in a leap year, [[July]].

January begins on the same day of the week as [[October]] in [[common year]]s and on the same day of the week as [[April]] and [[July]] in [[leap year]]s. January ends on the same day of the week as [[February]] and [[October]] in [[common year]]s and on the same day of the week as [[July]] in [[leap year]]s.

Every year, January both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as [[May]] of the previous year, as each other's first and last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart.

In common years immediately before other common years, January starts on the same day of the week as April and July of the following year, and in leap years and years immediately before that, September and December of the following year. In common years immediately before other common years, January finishes on the same day of the week as July of the following year, and in leap years and years immediately before that, April and December of the following year.

January's flower is the [[carnation]] with its [[birthstone]] being the [[garnet]].

The first day of January is called [[New Year's Day]]. It is said that it became this date when Roman consuls took office on this day in [[153 BC]]. Different calendars across [[Europe]] made this the start of the New Year at different times, as some observed it on [[March 25]].

Reaching over from [[December]], the [[Christmas]] season in [[Christianity]] also extends into this month. Eastern [[Christian Church|church]]es celebrate [[Christmas]] on [[January 6]] or [[January 7]], and [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] on [[January 18]] or [[January 19]]. In Western Christianity this occurs on [[January 6]], with [[Christmas]] occurring on [[December 25]].

January 1 is celebrated the Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God, that is a feast day of precept of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2018/documents/papa-francesco_20180101_omelia-giornata-mondiale-pace.html|title=Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (1 January 2018) - Francis|website=w2.vatican.va}}</ref>

== Events ==
=== Fixed events ===
[[File:Tallinn cityview.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Winter scene in [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]] on [[New Year's Day]] [[2010]].]]
[[File:Magi (1).jpg|thumb|200px|right|The Three Kings, or [[Magi]], who are commemorated on [[January 6]] in Western Christianity and [[January 19]] in Eastern Christianity.]]
[[File:A haggis serving.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Traditional [[Burns Night]] supper, traditionally eaten in [[Scotland]] and Scottish communities on [[January 25]].]]
[[File:Australia Day.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Australia Day]] celebration in [[Sydney]] on [[January 26]], [[2004]].]]
* [[January 1]] – [[New Year's Day]]
* [[January 1]] – Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God
* [[January 1]] – World Day of Peace
* [[January 1]] – Founding Day ([[Republic of China]])
* [[January 1]] – Independence Day in [[Brunei]], [[Haiti]] and [[Sudan]]
* [[January 1]] – Triumph of the Revolution ([[Cuba]])
* [[January 1]] – [[Constitution]] Day ([[Italy]])
* [[January 2]] – [[New Year's Day]] Bank Holiday ([[Scotland]])
* [[January 2]] – Ancestry Day ([[Haiti]])
* [[January 2]] – Berchtold's Day ([[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Alsace]])
* [[January 3]] – Statehood Day ([[Alaska]])
* [[January 4]] – Independence Day ([[Burma]])
* [[January 4]] – Day of the Fallen Against Colonial Repression ([[Angola]])
* [[January 4]] – Day of the Martyrs ([[Democratic Republic of the Congo]])
* [[January 5]] – Twelfth Night in Western [[Christianity]], night to [[January 6]]
* [[January 6]] – [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] in Western Christianity.
* [[January 6]] – [[Christmas]] in the [[Armenia]]n Apostolic Church
* [[January 7]] – [[Christmas]] in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
* [[January 7]] – Tricolour Day ([[Italy]])
* [[January 7]] – Victory from Genocide Day ([[Cambodia]])
* [[January 8]] – Commonwealth Day ([[Northern Mariana Islands]])
* [[January 8]] – Celebration of [[Elvis Presley]]'s [[birthday]] at [[Graceland]]
* [[January 8]] – [[Kim Jong-un]]'s [[birthday]] ([[North Korea]])
* [[January 9]] – Martyrs' Day ([[Panama]])
* [[January 11]] – Kagami Biraki ([[Japan]])
* [[January 11]] – Republic Day ([[Albania]])
* [[January 11]] – Day of National Unity ([[Nepal]])
* [[January 12]] – [[Memorial Day]] ([[Turkmenistan]])
* [[January 12]] – National Youth Day ([[India]])
* [[January 12]] – [[Zanzibar]] Revolution Day ([[Tanzania]])
* [[January 13]] – [[Korea]]n American Day
* [[January 13]] – Old New Year (parts of [[Eastern Europe]])
* [[January 13]] – St. Knut's Day ([[Norway]], [[Finland]], [[Sweden]])
* [[January 14]] – [[New Year's Day]] (Eastern Orothodox Church)
* [[January 14]] – National Flag Day in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
* [[January 14]] – National Forest Conservation Day ([[Thailand]])
* [[January 15]] – Armed Forces Day ([[Nigeria]])
* [[January 15]] – Army Day ([[India]])
* [[January 15]] – Tree Planting Day ([[Egypt]])
* [[January 16]] – Teacher's Day ([[Thailand]])
* [[January 16]] – Flag Day ([[Israel]])
* [[January 17]] – Roman Catholic feast day of St. Anthony
* [[January 18]] – Royal [[Thailand|Thai]] Armed Forces Day
* [[January 18]] – Revolution Day ([[Tunisia]])
* [[January 18]] – World [[Religion]] Day
* [[January 19]] – [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] in Eastern Orthodox Christianity
* [[January 20]] – Armed Forces Day ([[Mali]])
* [[January 20]] – Martyrs' Day ([[Azerbaijan]])
* [[January 20]] – [[Inauguration Day]] ([[United States]]) - newly elected US president takes office in a year after a [[leap year]] (last in [[2021]], next in [[2025]])
* [[January 21]] – Flag Day ([[Quebec]])
* [[January 21]] – Christian feast day of St. Agnes.
* [[January 22]] – [[Wellington]] Anniversary ([[New Zealand]])
* [[January 22]] – Reunion Day ([[Ukraine]])
* [[January 23]] – National [[Pie]] Day ([[United States]])
* [[January 23]] – Bounty Day ([[Pitcairn Island]])
* [[January 24]] – Feast Day of Our Lady of Peace ([[Roman Catholicism]])
* [[January 24]] – Unification Day ([[Romania]])
* [[January 25]] – [[Burns Night]] ([[Scotland]] and Scottish communities), celebrating the birthday of Scottish [[poet]] [[Robert Burns]]
* [[January 25]] – Dydd Santes Dwynwen ([[Wales|Welsh]] equivalent of [[Valentine's Day]])
* [[January 25]] – National Voters Day ([[India]])
* [[January 25]] – Tatiana Day ([[Russia]])
* [[January 26]] – [[Australia Day]]
* [[January 26]] – Republic Day ([[India]])
* [[January 26]] – Duarte Day ([[Dominican Republic]])
* [[January 26]] – Liberation Day ([[Uganda]])
* [[January 27]] – [[Holocaust]] Memorial Day
* [[January 28]] – Army Day ([[Armenia]])
* [[January 28]] – [[EU]] Data Privacy Day
* [[January 28]] – Unofficial day commemorating [[Charlemagne]] by some Christians
* [[January 30]] – Martyrs' Day ([[India]])
* [[January 30]] – School Day of Non-Violence and Peace ([[Spain]])
* [[January 31]] – Independence Day ([[Nauru]])

=== Month-long or moveable events ===
[[File:Martin Luther King press conference 01269u edit.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] is commemorated in the [[United States]] on the Third Monday in January.]]
* Coming of Age Day ([[Japan]]), second [[Monday]] in January
* [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Day]] ([[United States]]), third Monday in January, commemorating [[civil rights]] activist [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], who was born on [[January 15]].
* [[Chinese New Year]] (between [[January 21]] and [[February 21]])
* [[Australian Open]] - One of the major Grand Slam [[tennis]] tournaments. Starts between [[January 13]] and [[January 19]], ends between [[January 26]] and [[February 1]].
* [[Auckland]] Anniversary ([[New Zealand]]) on a Monday between [[January 26]] and [[February 1]].
* [[Weight Loss Awareness Month]] ([[United States]])
* [[National Mentoring Month]] ([[United States]])

== Selection of historical events ==
[[File:Euro coins and banknotes.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The [[Euro]] currency came into use in twelve [[EU]] member states on [[January 1]], [[2002]].]]
[[File:Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Photo Montage of the [[Galilean moons]], discovered on [[January 7]], [[1610]].]]
[[File:USS Boston landing force, 1893 (PP-36-3-002).jpg|thumb|180px|right|Landing force preparing to overthrow [[Hawaii]]'s monarchy on [[January 17]], [[1893]].]]
[[File:Uranus2.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The [[planet]] [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]], photographed by [[Voyager 2]] on [[January 24]], [[1986]].]]
[[File:Challenger explosion.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The [[Space Shuttle Challenger]] disaster occurred on [[January 28]], [[1986]].]]
* [[January 1]], [[153 BC]] – [[Roman]] consuls are said to have taken office on this day for the first time.
* [[January 1]], [[1801]] – The [[United Kingdom]] is created, with the inclusion of [[Ireland]].
* [[January 1]], [[1804]] – [[Haiti]] becomes the second independent country in the Americas, after the [[US]].
* [[January 1]], [[1901]] – [[Australia]] is given self-government.
* [[January 1]], [[1956]] – [[Sudan]] becomes independent.
* [[January 1]], [[1959]] – [[Fidel Castro]] takes over in [[Cuba]].
* [[January 1]], [[1962]] – [[Samoa]] becomes independent.
* [[January 1]], [[1984]] – [[Brunei]] becomes independent.
* [[January 1]], [[2002]] – The [[Euro]] currency comes into use in 12 [[EU]] countries.
* [[January 2]], [[1492]] – Spanish [[Reconquista]]: [[Granada]], the last [[Moor]]ish stronghold, surrenders.
* [[January 3]], [[1868]] – [[Meiji Restoration]] in [[Japan]].
* [[January 3]], [[1959]] – [[Alaska]] becomes the 49th [[US]] State.
* [[January 4]], [[1948]] – [[Burma]] becomes independent.
* [[January 4]], [[2010]] – The world's tallest building, the [[Burj Khalifa]] in [[Dubai]], opens.
* [[January 5]], [[1066]] – [[Edward the Confessor]], [[King]] of [[England]], dies.
* [[January 6]], [[1066]] – [[Harold Godwinson]] is crowned [[King]] of [[England]].
* [[January 7]], [[1610]] – [[Galileo Galilei]] discovers [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]'s four [[Galilean moons]]: [[Io (moon)|Io]], [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]].
* [[January 7]], [[1979]] – The [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]] is overthrown by [[Vietnam]]ese troops.
* [[January 7]], [[1989]] – [[Japan]]ese [[Emperor]] [[Hirohito]] dies, aged 87.
* [[January 7]], [[2015]] – [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in [[Paris]].
* [[January 8]], [[1642]] – [[Galileo Galilei]] dies.
* [[January 8]], [[1912]] – The [[African National Congress]] is founded.
* [[January 8]], [[1935]] – [[Elvis Presley]] is born.
* [[January 10]], [[1863]] – The first section of the [[London Underground]] opens.
* [[January 12]], [[2010]] – The [[2010 Haiti earthquake]] causes many deaths and destruction across [[Haiti]].
* [[January 13]], [[1915]] – The Avezzano [[earthquake]] in [[Italy]] kills 29,800 people.
* [[January 13]], [[1935]] – Most voters in [[Saarland]] choose to be part of [[Germany]].
* [[January 14]], [[1954]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]] marries [[Joe DiMaggio]].
* [[January 14]], [[1972]] – [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] becomes the first Danish Queen since [[1412]].
* [[January 15]], [[1929]] – Civil rights leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] is born in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[US]].
* [[January 15]], [[2001]] – [[Wikipedia]] goes online.
* [[January 15]], [[2009]] – [[US Airways Flight 1549]] is safely landed on the [[Hudson River]] in [[New York City]] by [[Chesley Sullenberger]], after experiencing difficulties shortly after take-off.
* [[January 16]], [[2006]] – [[Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] of [[Liberia]] becomes the first female [[President]] in [[Africa]].
* [[January 17]], [[1893]] – American and European [[sugar]] planters overthrow the government of Queen [[Liliuokalani]] of [[Hawaii]].
* [[January 17]], [[1912]] – [[Robert Falcon Scott]]'s expedition reaches the [[South Pole]] over a month after that of [[Roald Amundsen]].
* [[January 17]], [[1991]] – [[Operation Desert Storm]] in the [[Gulf War]].
* [[January 17]], [[1995]] – The Great Hanshin [[earthquake]] strikes [[Japan]], mainly the city of [[Kobe]], killing over 6,000 people.
* [[January 18]], [[1778]] – [[James Cook]] reaches the [[Hawaii]]an Islands.
* [[January 20]], [[1936]] – King [[George V of the United Kingdom]] dies, leaving the throne to [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom]], who lasts less than 11 months in the post.
* [[January 20]], [[2009]] – [[Barack Obama]] becomes the first [[African American]] [[President of the United States]].
* [[January 21]], [[1793]] – King [[Louis XVI of France]] is executed by [[guillotine]].
* [[January 22]], [[1901]] – [[Queen Victoria]] dies aged 81, ending Britain's Victorian Era.
* [[January 22]], [[1968]] – [[Apollo 5]] lifts off, carrying the first [[Moon|lunar]] module.
* [[January 23]], [[1960]] – In the Bathyscaphe ''Trieste'', Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, dive to the deepest point of the [[Pacific Ocean]], the [[Challenger Deep]] in the [[Mariana Trench]].
* [[January 24]], [[41]] – Roman Emperor [[Caligula]] is assassinated by the Praetorian Guard.
* [[January 24]], [[1965]] – British [[statesman]] [[Winston Churchill]] dies.
* [[January 24]], [[1986]] – [[Voyager 2]] flies by the [[planet]] [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]].
* [[January 25]], [[1919]] – The [[League of Nations]] is founded.
* [[January 25]], [[2011]] – The [[2011 Egyptian protests]] begin.
* [[January 26]], [[1788]] – The first British fleet arrives in what is now [[Sydney]] Harbour, [[Australia]].
* [[January 26]], [[1950]] – [[India]] becomes a [[Republic]].
* [[January 26]], [[2020]] – [[NBA]] legend [[Kobe Bryant]], his 13-year-old daughter Gianna and seven others are killed in a helicopter crash in [[Calabasas, California]].
* [[January 27]], [[1945]] – The [[Red Army]] liberates [[Auschwitz]].
* [[January 27]], [[1967]] – US [[astronaut]]s Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee are killed in a [[fire]] while testing the [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft.
* [[January 28]], [[1897]] – The [[Criminal Tribes Act of 1871]] was amended by the [[British Raj]] within [[British India]] respectively.
* [[January 28]], [[1935]] – [[Iceland]] becomes the first country to legalize [[abortion]].
* [[January 28]], [[1986]] – The [[Space Shuttle Challenger]] explodes shortly after take-off from [[Cape Canaveral, Florida]], killing all seven astronauts on board.
* [[January 29]], [[1996]] – [[Venice]]'s [[La Fenice]] [[opera]] house is destroyed by [[fire]].
* [[January 30]], [[1649]] – King [[Charles I of England]] is executed.
* [[January 30]], [[1933]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] comes to power in [[Germany]].
* [[January 30]], [[1948]] – Indian independence and non-violence campaigner [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is shot dead by a Hindu extremist in [[Delhi]].
* [[January 31]], [[1968]] – [[Nauru]] becomes independent from [[Australia]].
* [[January 31]], [[1990]] – [[Moscow]]'s first [[McDonald's]] restaurant opens.

== Trivia ==
[[File:Janus-Vatican.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Statue of the Roman God [[Janus]].]]
* January is named after the Roman God [[Janus]], who was the Roman God of [[door]]s and [[gate]]s.
* January and July are the only pair of 31-day month's that are exactly six months apart. In the English language, they are also the only pair of months to both begin and end with the same letters (J and Y respectively).
* The star signs for January are [[Capricorn]] ([[December 22]] to [[January 20]]) and [[Aquarius]] ([[January 21]] to [[February 19]]).
* It is the coldest month in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and the warmest in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].
* It is one of three months in the [[English language]] to begin with "J", along with [[June]] and [[July]], but unlike the latter two, does not have a "U" as a second letter.

==References==
<references/>

{{Months}}
[[Category:Months|*01]]

Template:Calendar/Sun1stMonthStartWed

2025-12-31T20:38:06Z

Gstar: from https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Calendar/Sun1stMonthStartWed

{| class="toccolours" style="float:{{{float|none}}}; margin-left: 1em; text-align:center;" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
|- style="{{{titlestyle|background-color: #ccccff;}}}"
|{{{prev_month|<<}}}
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"| '''{{{cur_month|Month}}}'''
|{{{next_month|>>}}}
|- style="border: none; {{{weekstyle|background-color: #ccccff;}}}"
|width="14%"| Su
|width="14%"| Mo
|width="14%"| Tu
|width="14%"| We
|width="14%"| Th
|width="14%"| Fr
|width="14%"| Sa
|-
|-
| || || ||{{{01}}}||{{{02}}}||{{{03}}}||{{{04}}}
|-
|{{{05}}}||{{{06}}}||{{{07}}}||{{{08}}}||{{{09}}}||{{{10}}}||{{{11}}}
|-
|{{{12}}}||{{{13}}}||{{{14}}}||{{{15}}}||{{{16}}}||{{{17}}}||{{{18}}}
|-
|{{{19}}}||{{{20}}}||{{{21}}}||{{{22}}}||{{{23}}}||{{{24}}}||{{{25}}}
|-
|{{{26}}}||{{{27}}}||{{{28}}}||{{{29|}}}||{{{30|}}}||{{{31|}}}||
|-
| 
|- style="{{{titlestyle|background-color: #ccccff;}}}"
{{#if:{{{EndNote|}}}|{{!}}colspan="7"{{!}}{{{EndNote}}} }}
|- style="{{{titlestyle|background-color: #ccccff;}}}"
{{#if:{{{year|}}}|{{!}}colspan="7"{{!}}<b>[[{{{year}}}]]</b>}}
|}<noinclude>

[[Category:Calendar templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

Template:Calendar/Sun1stMonthStartMon

2025-12-31T20:37:11Z

Gstar: from https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Calendar/Sun1stMonthStartMon

{| class="toccolours" style="float:{{{float|none}}}; margin-left: 1em; text-align:center;" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
|- style="{{{titlestyle|background-color: #ccccff;}}}"
|{{{prev_month|<<}}}
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"| '''{{{cur_month|Month}}}'''
|{{{next_month|>>}}}
|- style="border: none; {{{weekstyle|background-color: #ccccff;}}}"
|width="14%"| Su
|width="14%"| Mo
|width="14%"| Tu
|width="14%"| We
|width="14%"| Th
|width="14%"| Fr
|width="14%"| Sa
|-
|-
| || {{{01}}}||{{{02}}}||{{{03}}}||{{{04}}}||{{{05}}}||{{{06}}}
|-
|{{{07}}}||{{{08}}}||{{{09}}}||{{{10}}}||{{{11}}}||{{{12}}}||{{{13}}}
|-
|{{{14}}}||{{{15}}}||{{{16}}}||{{{17}}}||{{{18}}}||{{{19}}}||{{{20}}}
|-
|{{{21}}}||{{{22}}}||{{{23}}}||{{{24}}}||{{{25}}}||{{{26}}}||{{{27}}}
|-
|{{{28}}}||{{{29|}}}||{{{30|}}}||{{{31|}}} || || ||
|-
| 
|- style="{{{titlestyle|background-color: #ccccff;}}}"
{{#if:{{{EndNote|}}}|{{!}}colspan="7"{{!}}{{{EndNote}}} }}
|- style="{{{titlestyle|background-color: #ccccff;}}}"
{{#if:{{{year|}}}|{{!}}colspan="7"{{!}}<b>[[{{{year}}}]]</b>}}
|}<noinclude>

[[Category:Calendar templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

Template:CalendarCustom

2025-12-31T20:36:57Z

Gstar: from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:CalendarCustom&oldid=1924791

<includeonly>
{{Calendar/{{{format|Sun1st}}}MonthStart{{#time:D|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01 +1 second}}
|float={{{float|none}}}
|clear={{{clear|none}}}
|cur_month=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}}]]
|prev_month=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01 last month}}|<<]]
|next_month=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01 next month}}|>>]]
|01=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 1|1]]
|02=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 2|2]]
|03=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 3|3]]
|04=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 4|4]]
|05=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 5|5]]
|06=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 6|6]]
|07=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 7|7]]
|08=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 8|8]]
|09=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 9|9]]
|10=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 10|10]]
|11=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 11|11]]
|12=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 12|12]]
|13=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 13|13]]
|14=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 14|14]]
|15=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 15|15]]
|16=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 16|16]]
|17=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 17|17]]
|18=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 18|18]]
|19=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 19|19]]
|20=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 20|20]]
|21=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 21|21]]
|22=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 22|22]]
|23=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 23|23]]
|24=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 24|24]]
|25=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 25|25]]
|26=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 26|26]]
|27=[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 27|27]]
|28={{#ifexpr:{{#time:t|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} >= 28|[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 28|28]]}}
|29={{#ifexpr:{{#time:t|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} >= 29|[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 29|29]]}}
|30={{#ifexpr:{{#time:t|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} >= 30|[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 30|30]]}}
|31={{#ifexpr:{{#time:t|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} >= 31|[[{{#time:F|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-01}} 31|31]]}}
|year={{#if:{{{show_year|}}}|{{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}
}}
</includeonly><noinclude>
==Description==
This template allows the display of any monthly calendar (from 1970-2037). It is customizable in that the user can select which day the calendar should start on (Sunday or Monday).

==Usage==
<nowiki>{{CalendarCustom}}</nowiki>: Displays the current month's calendar.<br>
Parameters:
The following parameters can be used to display any calendar
*year=''year'' (four digit year, e.g. year=2008, valid years are 1970-2037) - default = <nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki>
*month=''month'' (Full month name or number, e.g. month=March or month=03) - default = <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTH}}</nowiki>
*format=''startday'' (Calendar start day (leftmost day), can be Sun1st or Mon1st, e.g. format=Sun1st) - default = Sun1st
*show_year=''true/false'' (Display the year under the calendar, e.g. show_year=true) - default = false
*float=''right/left'' (float the calendar left or right, e.g. float=left) - default = none
<hr>
{{CalendarCustom}}

[[Category:Calendar templates]]</noinclude>

Template:Monththisyear

2025-12-31T20:33:38Z

Gstar: from https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monththisyear

{{CalendarCustom|year={{{year|{{#time:Y}}}}}|month={{{1|01}}}|float=right}}<noinclude>

[[Category:Time, date and calendar templates]]
</noinclude>

Mathilda

2025-12-31T20:30:08Z

Gstar: format

Mathilda

2025-12-31T20:25:12Z

Gstar: credit to https://nookipedia.com/wiki/Mathilda

January

2025-12-31T20:08:42Z

Gstar: credit to https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January

{{monththisyear|1}}
'''January''' (Jan.) is the first [[month]] of the [[year]] in the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] and [[Gregorian calendar]]s, coming between [[December]] (of the previous year) and [[February]] (of the current year). It has 31 [[day]]s.

January begins on the same day of the week as [[October]] in [[common year]]s, and [[April]] and [[July]] in [[leap year]]s. January ends on the same day of the week as [[February]] and [[October]] in [[common year]]s, and [[July]] in [[leap year]]s.

== Overview ==
[[File:Sneeuw1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Snow]] in January in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], where it is a [[winter]] month.]]
January is named for [[Janus]], the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] [[god]] of [[door]]s and [[gate]]s.

January and [[February]] were put on the [[calendar]] after all the other months. This is because in the original [[Roman calendar]], [[winter]] did not have months. Although [[March]] was originally the first month, January became the new first month because that was when people chose the new [[Roman Republic|consul]]s (Roman leaders). The month has 31 days.

January is a [[winter]] month in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and a [[summer]] month in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. In each [[hemisphere]], it is the seasonal equivalent of [[July]] in the other. [[Perihelion]], the point in its orbit where the [[Earth]] is closest to the [[Sun]], also occurs in this month, between [[January 2]] and [[January 5]]. January is the only month of the year that always has a "twin" - a month that both begins and ends on the same day of the week as it does. In a common year, this is [[October]], and in a leap year, [[July]].

January begins on the same day of the week as [[October]] in [[common year]]s and on the same day of the week as [[April]] and [[July]] in [[leap year]]s. January ends on the same day of the week as [[February]] and [[October]] in [[common year]]s and on the same day of the week as [[July]] in [[leap year]]s.

Every year, January both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as [[May]] of the previous year, as each other's first and last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart.

In common years immediately before other common years, January starts on the same day of the week as April and July of the following year, and in leap years and years immediately before that, September and December of the following year. In common years immediately before other common years, January finishes on the same day of the week as July of the following year, and in leap years and years immediately before that, April and December of the following year.

January's flower is the [[carnation]] with its [[birthstone]] being the [[garnet]].

The first day of January is called [[New Year's Day]]. It is said that it became this date when Roman consuls took office on this day in [[153 BC]]. Different calendars across [[Europe]] made this the start of the New Year at different times, as some observed it on [[March 25]].

Reaching over from [[December]], the [[Christmas]] season in [[Christianity]] also extends into this month. Eastern [[Christian Church|church]]es celebrate [[Christmas]] on [[January 6]] or [[January 7]], and [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] on [[January 18]] or [[January 19]]. In Western Christianity this occurs on [[January 6]], with [[Christmas]] occurring on [[December 25]].

January 1 is celebrated the Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God, that is a feast day of precept of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2018/documents/papa-francesco_20180101_omelia-giornata-mondiale-pace.html|title=Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (1 January 2018) - Francis|website=w2.vatican.va}}</ref>

== Events ==
=== Fixed events ===
[[File:Tallinn cityview.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Winter scene in [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]] on [[New Year's Day]] [[2010]].]]
[[File:Magi (1).jpg|thumb|200px|right|The Three Kings, or [[Magi]], who are commemorated on [[January 6]] in Western Christianity and [[January 19]] in Eastern Christianity.]]
[[File:A haggis serving.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Traditional [[Burns Night]] supper, traditionally eaten in [[Scotland]] and Scottish communities on [[January 25]].]]
[[File:Australia Day.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Australia Day]] celebration in [[Sydney]] on [[January 26]], [[2004]].]]
* [[January 1]] – [[New Year's Day]]
* [[January 1]] – Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God
* [[January 1]] – World Day of Peace
* [[January 1]] – Founding Day ([[Republic of China]])
* [[January 1]] – Independence Day in [[Brunei]], [[Haiti]] and [[Sudan]]
* [[January 1]] – Triumph of the Revolution ([[Cuba]])
* [[January 1]] – [[Constitution]] Day ([[Italy]])
* [[January 2]] – [[New Year's Day]] Bank Holiday ([[Scotland]])
* [[January 2]] – Ancestry Day ([[Haiti]])
* [[January 2]] – Berchtold's Day ([[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Alsace]])
* [[January 3]] – Statehood Day ([[Alaska]])
* [[January 4]] – Independence Day ([[Burma]])
* [[January 4]] – Day of the Fallen Against Colonial Repression ([[Angola]])
* [[January 4]] – Day of the Martyrs ([[Democratic Republic of the Congo]])
* [[January 5]] – Twelfth Night in Western [[Christianity]], night to [[January 6]]
* [[January 6]] – [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] in Western Christianity.
* [[January 6]] – [[Christmas]] in the [[Armenia]]n Apostolic Church
* [[January 7]] – [[Christmas]] in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
* [[January 7]] – Tricolour Day ([[Italy]])
* [[January 7]] – Victory from Genocide Day ([[Cambodia]])
* [[January 8]] – Commonwealth Day ([[Northern Mariana Islands]])
* [[January 8]] – Celebration of [[Elvis Presley]]'s [[birthday]] at [[Graceland]]
* [[January 8]] – [[Kim Jong-un]]'s [[birthday]] ([[North Korea]])
* [[January 9]] – Martyrs' Day ([[Panama]])
* [[January 11]] – Kagami Biraki ([[Japan]])
* [[January 11]] – Republic Day ([[Albania]])
* [[January 11]] – Day of National Unity ([[Nepal]])
* [[January 12]] – [[Memorial Day]] ([[Turkmenistan]])
* [[January 12]] – National Youth Day ([[India]])
* [[January 12]] – [[Zanzibar]] Revolution Day ([[Tanzania]])
* [[January 13]] – [[Korea]]n American Day
* [[January 13]] – Old New Year (parts of [[Eastern Europe]])
* [[January 13]] – St. Knut's Day ([[Norway]], [[Finland]], [[Sweden]])
* [[January 14]] – [[New Year's Day]] (Eastern Orothodox Church)
* [[January 14]] – National Flag Day in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
* [[January 14]] – National Forest Conservation Day ([[Thailand]])
* [[January 15]] – Armed Forces Day ([[Nigeria]])
* [[January 15]] – Army Day ([[India]])
* [[January 15]] – Tree Planting Day ([[Egypt]])
* [[January 16]] – Teacher's Day ([[Thailand]])
* [[January 16]] – Flag Day ([[Israel]])
* [[January 17]] – Roman Catholic feast day of St. Anthony
* [[January 18]] – Royal [[Thailand|Thai]] Armed Forces Day
* [[January 18]] – Revolution Day ([[Tunisia]])
* [[January 18]] – World [[Religion]] Day
* [[January 19]] – [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] in Eastern Orthodox Christianity
* [[January 20]] – Armed Forces Day ([[Mali]])
* [[January 20]] – Martyrs' Day ([[Azerbaijan]])
* [[January 20]] – [[Inauguration Day]] ([[United States]]) - newly elected US president takes office in a year after a [[leap year]] (last in [[2021]], next in [[2025]])
* [[January 21]] – Flag Day ([[Quebec]])
* [[January 21]] – Christian feast day of St. Agnes.
* [[January 22]] – [[Wellington]] Anniversary ([[New Zealand]])
* [[January 22]] – Reunion Day ([[Ukraine]])
* [[January 23]] – National [[Pie]] Day ([[United States]])
* [[January 23]] – Bounty Day ([[Pitcairn Island]])
* [[January 24]] – Feast Day of Our Lady of Peace ([[Roman Catholicism]])
* [[January 24]] – Unification Day ([[Romania]])
* [[January 25]] – [[Burns Night]] ([[Scotland]] and Scottish communities), celebrating the birthday of Scottish [[poet]] [[Robert Burns]]
* [[January 25]] – Dydd Santes Dwynwen ([[Wales|Welsh]] equivalent of [[Valentine's Day]])
* [[January 25]] – National Voters Day ([[India]])
* [[January 25]] – Tatiana Day ([[Russia]])
* [[January 26]] – [[Australia Day]]
* [[January 26]] – Republic Day ([[India]])
* [[January 26]] – Duarte Day ([[Dominican Republic]])
* [[January 26]] – Liberation Day ([[Uganda]])
* [[January 27]] – [[Holocaust]] Memorial Day
* [[January 28]] – Army Day ([[Armenia]])
* [[January 28]] – [[EU]] Data Privacy Day
* [[January 28]] – Unofficial day commemorating [[Charlemagne]] by some Christians
* [[January 30]] – Martyrs' Day ([[India]])
* [[January 30]] – School Day of Non-Violence and Peace ([[Spain]])
* [[January 31]] – Independence Day ([[Nauru]])
{{-}}

=== Month-long or moveable events ===
[[File:Martin Luther King press conference 01269u edit.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] is commemorated in the [[United States]] on the Third Monday in January.]]
* Coming of Age Day ([[Japan]]), second [[Monday]] in January
* [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Day]] ([[United States]]), third Monday in January, commemorating [[civil rights]] activist [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], who was born on [[January 15]].
* [[Chinese New Year]] (between [[January 21]] and [[February 21]])
* [[Australian Open]] - One of the major Grand Slam [[tennis]] tournaments. Starts between [[January 13]] and [[January 19]], ends between [[January 26]] and [[February 1]].
* [[Auckland]] Anniversary ([[New Zealand]]) on a Monday between [[January 26]] and [[February 1]].
* [[Weight Loss Awareness Month]] ([[United States]])
* [[National Mentoring Month]] ([[United States]])

{{-}}

== Selection of historical events ==
[[File:Euro coins and banknotes.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The [[Euro]] currency came into use in twelve [[EU]] member states on [[January 1]], [[2002]].]]
[[File:Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Photo Montage of the [[Galilean moons]], discovered on [[January 7]], [[1610]].]]
[[File:USS Boston landing force, 1893 (PP-36-3-002).jpg|thumb|180px|right|Landing force preparing to overthrow [[Hawaii]]'s monarchy on [[January 17]], [[1893]].]]
[[File:Uranus2.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The [[planet]] [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]], photographed by [[Voyager 2]] on [[January 24]], [[1986]].]]
[[File:Challenger explosion.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The [[Space Shuttle Challenger]] disaster occurred on [[January 28]], [[1986]].]]
* [[January 1]], [[153 BC]] – [[Roman]] consuls are said to have taken office on this day for the first time.
* [[January 1]], [[1801]] – The [[United Kingdom]] is created, with the inclusion of [[Ireland]].
* [[January 1]], [[1804]] – [[Haiti]] becomes the second independent country in the Americas, after the [[US]].
* [[January 1]], [[1901]] – [[Australia]] is given self-government.
* [[January 1]], [[1956]] – [[Sudan]] becomes independent.
* [[January 1]], [[1959]] – [[Fidel Castro]] takes over in [[Cuba]].
* [[January 1]], [[1962]] – [[Samoa]] becomes independent.
* [[January 1]], [[1984]] – [[Brunei]] becomes independent.
* [[January 1]], [[2002]] – The [[Euro]] currency comes into use in 12 [[EU]] countries.
* [[January 2]], [[1492]] – Spanish [[Reconquista]]: [[Granada]], the last [[Moor]]ish stronghold, surrenders.
* [[January 3]], [[1868]] – [[Meiji Restoration]] in [[Japan]].
* [[January 3]], [[1959]] – [[Alaska]] becomes the 49th [[US]] State.
* [[January 4]], [[1948]] – [[Burma]] becomes independent.
* [[January 4]], [[2010]] – The world's tallest building, the [[Burj Khalifa]] in [[Dubai]], opens.
* [[January 5]], [[1066]] – [[Edward the Confessor]], [[King]] of [[England]], dies.
* [[January 6]], [[1066]] – [[Harold Godwinson]] is crowned [[King]] of [[England]].
* [[January 7]], [[1610]] – [[Galileo Galilei]] discovers [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]'s four [[Galilean moons]]: [[Io (moon)|Io]], [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]].
* [[January 7]], [[1979]] – The [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]] is overthrown by [[Vietnam]]ese troops.
* [[January 7]], [[1989]] – [[Japan]]ese [[Emperor]] [[Hirohito]] dies, aged 87.
* [[January 7]], [[2015]] – [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in [[Paris]].
* [[January 8]], [[1642]] – [[Galileo Galilei]] dies.
* [[January 8]], [[1912]] – The [[African National Congress]] is founded.
* [[January 8]], [[1935]] – [[Elvis Presley]] is born.
* [[January 10]], [[1863]] – The first section of the [[London Underground]] opens.
* [[January 12]], [[2010]] – The [[2010 Haiti earthquake]] causes many deaths and destruction across [[Haiti]].
* [[January 13]], [[1915]] – The Avezzano [[earthquake]] in [[Italy]] kills 29,800 people.
* [[January 13]], [[1935]] – Most voters in [[Saarland]] choose to be part of [[Germany]].
* [[January 14]], [[1954]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]] marries [[Joe DiMaggio]].
* [[January 14]], [[1972]] – [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] becomes the first Danish Queen since [[1412]].
* [[January 15]], [[1929]] – Civil rights leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] is born in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[US]].
* [[January 15]], [[2001]] – [[Wikipedia]] goes online.
* [[January 15]], [[2009]] – [[US Airways Flight 1549]] is safely landed on the [[Hudson River]] in [[New York City]] by [[Chesley Sullenberger]], after experiencing difficulties shortly after take-off.
* [[January 16]], [[2006]] – [[Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] of [[Liberia]] becomes the first female [[President]] in [[Africa]].
* [[January 17]], [[1893]] – American and European [[sugar]] planters overthrow the government of Queen [[Liliuokalani]] of [[Hawaii]].
* [[January 17]], [[1912]] – [[Robert Falcon Scott]]'s expedition reaches the [[South Pole]] over a month after that of [[Roald Amundsen]].
* [[January 17]], [[1991]] – [[Operation Desert Storm]] in the [[Gulf War]].
* [[January 17]], [[1995]] – The Great Hanshin [[earthquake]] strikes [[Japan]], mainly the city of [[Kobe]], killing over 6,000 people.
* [[January 18]], [[1778]] – [[James Cook]] reaches the [[Hawaii]]an Islands.
* [[January 20]], [[1936]] – King [[George V of the United Kingdom]] dies, leaving the throne to [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom]], who lasts less than 11 months in the post.
* [[January 20]], [[2009]] – [[Barack Obama]] becomes the first [[African American]] [[President of the United States]].
* [[January 21]], [[1793]] – King [[Louis XVI of France]] is executed by [[guillotine]].
* [[January 22]], [[1901]] – [[Queen Victoria]] dies aged 81, ending Britain's Victorian Era.
* [[January 22]], [[1968]] – [[Apollo 5]] lifts off, carrying the first [[Moon|lunar]] module.
* [[January 23]], [[1960]] – In the Bathyscaphe ''Trieste'', Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, dive to the deepest point of the [[Pacific Ocean]], the [[Challenger Deep]] in the [[Mariana Trench]].
* [[January 24]], [[41]] – Roman Emperor [[Caligula]] is assassinated by the Praetorian Guard.
* [[January 24]], [[1965]] – British [[statesman]] [[Winston Churchill]] dies.
* [[January 24]], [[1986]] – [[Voyager 2]] flies by the [[planet]] [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]].
* [[January 25]], [[1919]] – The [[League of Nations]] is founded.
* [[January 25]], [[2011]] – The [[2011 Egyptian protests]] begin.
* [[January 26]], [[1788]] – The first British fleet arrives in what is now [[Sydney]] Harbour, [[Australia]].
* [[January 26]], [[1950]] – [[India]] becomes a [[Republic]].
* [[January 26]], [[2020]] – [[NBA]] legend [[Kobe Bryant]], his 13-year-old daughter Gianna and seven others are killed in a helicopter crash in [[Calabasas, California]].
* [[January 27]], [[1945]] – The [[Red Army]] liberates [[Auschwitz]].
* [[January 27]], [[1967]] – US [[astronaut]]s Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee are killed in a [[fire]] while testing the [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft.
* [[January 28]], [[1897]] – The [[Criminal Tribes Act of 1871]] was amended by the [[British Raj]] within [[British India]] respectively.
* [[January 28]], [[1935]] – [[Iceland]] becomes the first country to legalize [[abortion]].
* [[January 28]], [[1986]] – The [[Space Shuttle Challenger]] explodes shortly after take-off from [[Cape Canaveral, Florida]], killing all seven astronauts on board.
* [[January 29]], [[1996]] – [[Venice]]'s [[La Fenice]] [[opera]] house is destroyed by [[fire]].
* [[January 30]], [[1649]] – King [[Charles I of England]] is executed.
* [[January 30]], [[1933]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] comes to power in [[Germany]].
* [[January 30]], [[1948]] – Indian independence and non-violence campaigner [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is shot dead by a Hindu extremist in [[Delhi]].
* [[January 31]], [[1968]] – [[Nauru]] becomes independent from [[Australia]].
* [[January 31]], [[1990]] – [[Moscow]]'s first [[McDonald's]] restaurant opens.

== Trivia ==
[[File:Janus-Vatican.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Statue of the Roman God [[Janus]].]]
* January is named after the Roman God [[Janus]], who was the Roman God of [[door]]s and [[gate]]s.
* January and July are the only pair of 31-day month's that are exactly six months apart. In the English language, they are also the only pair of months to both begin and end with the same letters (J and Y respectively).
* The star signs for January are [[Capricorn]] ([[December 22]] to [[January 20]]) and [[Aquarius]] ([[January 21]] to [[February 19]]).
* It is the coldest month in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and the warmest in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].
* It is one of three months in the [[English language]] to begin with "J", along with [[June]] and [[July]], but unlike the latter two, does not have a "U" as a second letter.

==References==
<references/>

{{Months}}
[[Category:Months|*01]]

User talk:Gstar

2025-12-31T19:13:20Z

Gstar: /* Vandalism */ response

User talk:Gstar

2025-12-31T19:06:10Z

Gstar: /* Vandalism */ response

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2025-12-31T13:47:27Z

Gstar: added sentence

This wiki uses the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 4.0 (International)] license. We wish you a happy 2026!

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2025-12-31T13:47:10Z

Gstar: added

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User talk:Gstar

2025-12-31T13:44:56Z

Gstar: /* Vandalism */ okay done

User talk:Now, Faster

2025-12-30T17:38:09Z

Gstar: /* apologies */ i meant

User talk:Now, Faster

2025-12-30T03:01:10Z

Gstar: asked

User talk:Now, Faster

2025-12-29T13:56:25Z

Gstar: /* apologies */ new section

Main Page

2025-12-20T14:32:08Z

Gstar: Protected "Main Page": recommended by someone ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

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{| id="mp-table" style="border:1px solid #485d73; padding:2px 2px 5px 2px; background:#F8F8FF;"
|
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#2B2BFF; border:1px solid #3b587e; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em 0.4em; text-align:center;"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">News</span></h2>
|-
|<div style="padding:3px;margin-left:3px">
{{News}}</div>
|-
|
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#FF8000; border:1px solid #3b587e; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em 0.4em; text-align:center;"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Did you know?</span></h2>
|-
|
{{Did you know}}
|-
|
<h2 style="margin:0; background:#FF4868; border:1px solid #3b587e; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em 0.4em; text-align:center;"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Helping out</span></h2>
|-
|<div style="margin-left:3px">
{{Helping out}}</div>
|}
|}
[[Category:Camianpedia|*]] __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

Main Page

2025-12-20T14:31:54Z

Gstar: Undo revision 199 by Hello (talk): will do

File:House of Del NH Ext.png

2025-12-09T19:58:13Z

Gstar: == Licensing == {{game-screenshot}}

== Summary ==
== Licensing ==
{{game-screenshot}}

File:House of Del NL Ext.png

2025-12-09T19:58:06Z

Gstar: == Licensing == {{game-screenshot}}

== Summary ==
== Licensing ==
{{game-screenshot}}

File:House of Del NL.png

2025-12-09T19:56:10Z

Gstar: Source: https://nookipedia.com/wiki/File:House_of_Del_NL.png == Licensing == {{game-screenshot}}

== Summary ==
Source: https://nookipedia.com/wiki/File:House_of_Del_NL.png

== Licensing ==
{{game-screenshot}}

File:House of Del CF.png

2025-12-09T19:56:00Z

Gstar: Source: https://nookipedia.com/wiki/File:House_of_Del_CF.png == Licensing == {{game-screenshot}}

== Summary ==
Source: https://nookipedia.com/wiki/File:House_of_Del_CF.png

== Licensing ==
{{game-screenshot}}

File:House of Del DnMe+.png

2025-12-09T19:55:45Z

Gstar: Source: https://nookipedia.com/wiki/File:House_of_Del_DnMe%2B.png == Licensing == {{game-screenshot}}

== Summary ==
Source: https://nookipedia.com/wiki/File:House_of_Del_DnMe%2B.png

== Licensing ==
{{game-screenshot}}

File:Del DnMe+.png

2025-12-09T19:52:34Z

Gstar: == Licensing == {{character-artwork}}

== Summary ==
== Licensing ==
{{character-artwork}}

File:Del NH.png

2025-12-09T19:52:30Z

Gstar: == Licensing == {{character-artwork}}

== Summary ==
== Licensing ==
{{character-artwork}}

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2025-12-09T16:35:57Z

Gstar: create

This wiki uses the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 4.0 (International)] license.

Template:Japanese e-card

2025-12-07T18:56:29Z

Gstar: like this?

<div class="villager-card" style="max-width: 600px; margin: 0 0 5px 0; background: #d5e154; border: 2px solid #d5e154; padding: 3px; text-align:center;">
<div class="card-flex-container">
<div class="card-flex-item card-left" style="padding: 0px 10px;">
{{#if: {{{front|}}} | [[File:{{{front|}}}|167px]] | [[File:nia.png]][[Special:Upload|{{Colorshow|333|<small>Have one to add?</small>}}]] }}
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; background: #d5e154;">
'''Card back'''
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{{#if: {{{back|}}} | [[File:{{{back|}}}|167px]] | [[File:nia.png]][[Special:Upload|{{Colorshow|333|<small>Have one to add?</small>}}]] }}
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="card-flex-item card-right">
{| width=100% style="background: #eaf76d; padding: 3px;"
| colspan=3 style="border-bottom: 1px solid #d5e154;" | '''{{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|{{#var:number}}}}} < 79}} | 1 | <nowiki>#</nowiki> }}{{{number|{{#var:number}}}}} {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} ({{{name-t|{{PAGENAME}}}}})''' - [[e-Reader card{{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|{{#var:number}}}}} < 7}} | 1 | /Series_1_(Dōbutsu_no_Mori_e+){{!}}{{colorshow|000|Series 1 (Promo)}}]] | {{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|{{#var:number}}}}} < 31}} | 1 | /Series_1_(Dōbutsu_no_Mori_e+){{!}}{{colorshow|000|Series 1}}]] | {{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|{{#var:number}}}}} < 55}} | 1 | /Series_2_(Dōbutsu_no_Mori_e+){{!}}{{colorshow|000|Series 2}}]] | {{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|{{#var:number}}}}} < 79}} | 1 | /Series_3_(Dōbutsu_no_Mori_e+){{!}}{{colorshow|000|Series 3}}]] | /Promotional_(Dōbutsu_no_Mori_e+){{!}}{{colorshow|000|Promotional ({{{bundle|bundle}}})}}]]}}}}}}}}
|-
{{!}} style{{=}}"width:10%; background: #eaf76d; padding: 3px 3px 3px 15px; text-align:right;"{{!}}'''Gender:'''
{{!}} colspan{{=}}2 style{{=}}"background: #ffffff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left"{{!}} {{{gender|}}}
{{!}}-}}
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #eaf76d; padding: 3px 3px 3px 15px; text-align:right;"{{!}} '''Clothes:'''
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #fff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} {{{clothes|}}}
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #fff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} [[Item:{{{clothes-i|}}} (Animal Crossing)|{{{clothes-t|}}}]]
{{!}}-}}
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #eaf76d; padding: 3px 3px 3px 15px; text-align:right;"{{!}} '''Star sign:'''
{{!}} style{{=}}"width:45%; background: #fff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} {{{sign|}}}
{{!}} style{{=}}"width:45%; background: #fff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} [[{{{sign-t|}}}]]
{{!}}-}}
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #eaf76d; padding: 3px 3px 3px 15px; text-align:right;"{{!}} '''Favorite phrase:'''
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #fff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} {{{phrase|}}}
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #fff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} {{#if: {{{phrase-m|}}} | ''{{{phrase-t|}}}'' ("{{{phrase-m|}}}") | {{{phrase-t|}}}}}
{{!}}-}}
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #eaf76d; padding: 3px 3px 3px 15px; text-align:right;"{{!}} '''Profile:'''
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #fff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} <small>''{{{description|Do you have a transcription of the Japanese text?<br>[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} Click here to add it.]}}}''</small>
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #fff; padding: 0 0 0 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} <small>''{{{description-t|Do you have a translation of the Japanese text?<br>[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} Click here to add it.]}}}''</small>
{{!}}-}}
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #eaf76d; padding: 3px 3px 3px 15px; text-align:right;"{{!}} '''Favorite saying:'''
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #fff; padding: 3px 0 3px 9px; align{{=}}"left" {{!}} <small>''{{{favwords|Do you have a transcription of the Japanese text?<br>[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} Click here to add it.]}}}''</small>
{{!}} style{{=}}"background: #fff; padding: 3px 0 3px 9px;" align{{=}}"left" {{!}} <small>''{{{favwords-t|Do you have a translation of the Japanese text?<br>[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} Click here to add it.]}}}''</small>
{{!}}-}}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style="width: 100%; margin-top: 5px;">

{| width=100% style="background: #eaf76d;"
| style="padding:0 0 0 12px; text-align:left; width: 3%;" |[[{{{prevcard|e-Cards}}} | {{Colorshow|000|←}}]]
| style="padding:0px; width: 32px;" |
{| style="background:#5cd65c;"
| [[File:{{{prevtype|Unknown}}}SpeciesIconSilhouette.png|32px|link={{{prevcard|e-Cards}}}]]
|}
| width=25% style="text-align:left;" |[[{{{prevcard|e-Cards}}} | {{Colorshow|000|<small>{{#if: {{{number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{number|}}} | 001 | 275 | {{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|}}} < 11}} | 1 | 00{{#expr: {{{number|}}} - 1}} | {{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|}}} < 101}} | 1 | 0{{#expr: {{{number|}}} - 1}} | {{#expr: {{{number|}}} - 1}}}}}}}} | 000}} {{{prevcard|Previous}}}</small>}}]]
| width=30% |'''#{{{number|}}} {{{name|}}}'''
| style="text-align:right; width: 25%;" | [[{{{nextcard|e-Cards}}}|{{Colorshow|000|<small>{{#if: {{{number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{number|}}} | 275 | 001 | {{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|}}} < 9}} | 1 | 00{{#expr: {{{number|}}} + 1}} | {{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{number|}}} < 99}} | 1 | 0{{#expr: {{{number|}}} + 1}} | {{#expr: {{{number|}}} + 1}}}}}}}} | 000}} {{{nextcard|Next}}} </small>}}]]
| style="padding: 0px; width: 32px;" |
{| style="background: #5cd65c;"
| [[File:{{{nexttype|Unknown}}}SpeciesIconSilhouette.png|32px|link={{{nextcard|e-Cards}}}]]
|}
| style="padding:0 12px 0 0; text-align:right; width: 3%;" | [[{{{nextcard|e-Cards}}}|{{Colorshow|000|→}}]]
|}

</div>
</div><noinclude>
==Usage==
<pre>
{{Japanese e-card
| front = (image of card front)
| back = (image of card back)
| number = (card #)
| name = (card name)
| name-t = (translation of "name")
| bundle = (if applicable, a promotional card's bundle)
| species = (villager's species)
| gender = (villager's gender)
| clothes = (villager's initial clothes)
| clothes-t = (translation of "clothes")
| clothes-i = (item link to "clothes")
| sign = (villager's star sign)
| sign-t = (translation of "sign")
| phrase = (villager's initial catchphrase)
| phrase-t = (transcription of "phrase")
| phrase-m = (if applicable, translation of "phrase")
| description = (text body on back of card)
| favwords = (villager's favorite words)
| prevcard = (name of previous card in series)
| prevnum = (value of previous card number in series)
| prevtype = (type of previous card in the series)
| nextcard = (name of next card in series)
| nextnum = (value of next card number in series)
| nexttype = (type of next card in the series)
}}
</pre>
</noinclude>

MediaWiki:Monobook.css

2025-12-07T18:38:52Z

Gstar: wish granted

/* All CSS here will be loaded for users of the MonoBook skin */

/* <h2> All pages </h2> */

body {background:#FFD865; }
body.skin--responsive .pBody,
body.skin--responsive #p-cactions li.selected,
.mw-body { border-color: #36648b; }

#globalWrapper { background: none !important; }
.firstHeading { margin-top: 5px; }
p { margin: 0.6em 0 0.7em 0; }
h1 { font-size: 193%; }
h3 + dl, h4 + dl, h5 + dl {
margin-top: -0.1em;
}

/* <h3> Interface elements </h3> */

#siteNotice {
border-top: 2px solid #ccc;
border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;
padding: 3px 2px 2px 2px;
margin: -2px 0 11px;
}

#localNotice {
margin-bottom: 0px;
}

#localNotice hr { background: #ccc; }

body.skin-monobook input.searchButton {
color: #000;
cursor: pointer;
background-color: #fff;
border: 1px solid #2f6fab;
padding: 0 0.4em !important;
}
body.skin-monobook #searchButton,
body.skin-monobook #searchGoButton {
font-weight: normal;
}
body.skin-monobook #searchInput {
border: 1px solid #2f6fab;
padding-right: 0;
}

input[type="radio"],
input[type="checkbox"] {
border: none;
}

select {
color: #000;
border: 1px solid #2f6fab;
}

@media all and (min-width: 551px) {
body.skin-monobook li#pt-login,
body.skin-monobook li#pt-userpage,
body.skin-monobook li#pt-anonuserpage {
color: #606060;
padding: 1px 0 2px 20px;
line-height: 20px;
}
body.skin-monobook #p-cactions li {
padding-bottom: 1em;
}
}

@media all and (min-width: 551px) {
body.skin-monobook #p-personal ul {
background: #FFFFFF;
border-left: 1px solid #36648b;
border-bottom: 1px solid #36648b;
width: auto;
display: inline;
position: absolute;
right: 0;
padding-left: 0px;
padding-bottom: 1px;
margin-top: -1px;
}
}

body.skin-monobook #p-cactions {
left: 11.7em;
}

body.skin-monobook .portlet {
width: 11.8em;
}

body.skin-monobook #p-personal li a {
color: #00f;
}

body.skin-monobook #p-personal li a:hover {
background-color: transparent;
text-decoration: underline;
}

body.skin-monobook #p-cactions li a {
color: #00c;
}
body.skin-monobook #p-cactions .new a {
color: #c00;
}

body.skin-monobook li#pt-betafeatures {
display:none;
}

body.skin-monobook .pBody {
z-index: 3 !important;
}

/* <h3> Page content </h3> */

/* Links */
a { color: #00f; }
a:active { color: orange; }
a:visited { color: #00c; }
a#movepage-oldlink { color:#c20; }
a#movepage-oldlink:visited { color:#a55858; }
.mw-parser-output a.extiw { color: #06f; }
.mw-parser-output a.extiw:visited { color: #3366BB; }
.mw-parser-output a.external { color: #06f; }
.mw-parser-output a.external:visited { color: #0044CC; }

/* Fix footer spacing */
body.skin-monobook #f-list {
line-height: 17px;
}

/* Indicator icons */
.mw-indicators {
top: -10px;
}
.anon .mw-indicators {
top: -5px;
}
#mw-indicator-shortcut {
top: 16px;
}

/* Multimedia viewer */
.mw-mmv-reuse-dialog .mw-mmv-reuse-tabs .oo-ui-iconedElement-icon.oo-ui-icon-check,
.mw-mmv-reuse-dialog .mw-mmv-reuse-tabs .oo-ui-iconElement-icon.oo-ui-icon-check {
display: none !important;
}

/* put search bar up top */
#sidebar {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
}
#p-search {
order: -1;
}

/* Echo extension */
#pt-notifications-notice .mw-echo-notifications-badge.oo-ui-widget, #pt-notifications-alert .mw-echo-notifications-badge.oo-ui-widget,
#pt-notifications-notice .mw-echo-notifications-badge, #pt-notifications-alert .mw-echo-notifications-badge {
height: 16px;
top: 0px;
}

/* icon fix */
.cdx-button--size-large {
min-height: 28px;
}

/* Tab images */

li#ca-nstab-main > a,
li#ca-talk > a,
li#ca-nstab-image > a,
li#ca-nstab-category > a,
li#ca-nstab-foro > a {
background:#fff url('http://camian.snowsherrill.com/images/d/d6/MonobookSprite.png') no-repeat;
padding-right:25px !important;
padding-left:10px !important;
}

li#ca-nstab-main > a {background-position:right 0px;}
li#ca-talk > a {background-position:right -24px;}
li#ca-nstab-image > a {background-position:right -48px;}
li#ca-nstab-category > a {background-position:right -72px;}
li#ca-nstab-foro > a {background-position:right -96px;}

li#ca-edit > a,
li#ca-history > a,
li#ca-delete > a,
li#ca-move > a,
li#ca-protect > a, li#ca-unprotect > a,
li#ca-watch > a, li#ca-unwatch > a,
li#ca-listing-refresh-tab > a {
background-image:url('http://camian.snowsherrill.com/images/d/d6/MonobookSprite.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
padding-right:7px !important;
padding-left:22px !important;
}

li#ca-edit > a {background-position:left -120px;}
li#ca-history > a {background-position:left -144px;}
li#ca-delete > a {background-position:left -168px;}
li#ca-move > a {background-position:left -192px;}
li#ca-protect > a, li#ca-unprotect > a {background-position:left -216px;}
li#ca-watch > a, li#ca-unwatch > a {background-position:left -240px;}
li#ca-listing-refresh-tab > a {background-position:left -264px;}

body.skin--responsive #p-cactions ul { line-height: 1.8em; }
body.skin--responsive li#ca-talk { margin-right: .7em; }

.mw-editsection-bracket { display:none; }
#bodyContent .mw-editsection a {
background: url('http://camian.snowsherrill.com/images/d/d6/MonobookSprite.png') no-repeat 2px -118px;
color:#191509;
text-decoration:none;
padding:5px 10px 3px 25px;
font-size:90%;
}

body.skin--responsive #p-cactions li a { z-index: 3; }
#bodyContent .mw-editsection a:hover, body.skin--responsive #p-cactions li a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }

File:MonobookSprite.png

2025-12-07T18:38:26Z

Gstar: PD

== Summary ==
PD

Template:New Leaf villager

2025-12-07T18:37:26Z

Gstar: from https://animalcrossing.wikidex.net/wiki/Plantilla:Vecino_New_Leaf

{| align="left" style="background: #BDECB6; border: 3px solid #33C138; margin:auto;width:80%"
|-
|
{| class="box" style="width: 100%"
| rowspan="8" style="{{#if: {{{image|}}}||display:none;}}; background: #fff; width: 1%" | {{{image|}}}
|-
! style="background: #77D869; width: 25%" | Siblings
! style="background: #77D869; width: 25%" | Skill
! style="background: #77D869; width: 25%" | Goal
! style="background: #77D869; width: 25%" | Halloween fear
|-
| align="center" style="background:#fff;border-right:2px solid #BDECB6; width:100px;" | {{{siblings|???}}}
| align="center" style="background:#fff;border-right:2px solid #BDECB6; width:100px;" | {{{skill|???}}}
| align="center" style="background:#fff;border-right:2px solid #BDECB6; width:100px;" | {{{goal|???}}}
| align="center" style="background:#fff;width:100px;" | {{{fear|???}}}
|-
{| align="center" style="width: 100%;"
! style="background: #77D869; width: 25%" | Favorite style
! style="background: #77D869; width: 25%" | Least favorite style
! style="background: #77D869; width: 25%" | Favorite color
! style="background: #77D869; width: 25%" | Coffee preferences
|-
| align="center" style="background:#fff;border-right:2px solid #BDECB6; width:100px;" | {{{favorite|???}}}
| align="center" style="background:#fff;border-right:2px solid #BDECB6; width:100px;" | {{{least_favorite|???}}}
| align="center" style="background:#fff;border-right:2px solid #BDECB6; width:100px;" | {{{color|???}}}
| colspan=2 align="center" style="background:#fff;width:100px;" | {{{coffee|???}}}
|}
|-
{| align="center" style="width: 100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background: #77D869" | Quote
|-
| align="center" style="background:#FFF" | {{{quote|}}}
|}
|-
{| align="center" style="width: 100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background: #77D869" | Description
|-
| align="center" style="background:#FFF" | {{{description|}}}
|}
|}
|}{{br}}<noinclude>
==Blank template==
<pre>
{{New Leaf villager
|image=
|siblings=
|skill=
|goal=
|fear=
|favorite=
|least_favorite=
|color=
|coffee=
|quote=
|description=
}}</pre>

[[Category:Content templates]]</noinclude>

Template:New Horizons villager

2025-12-07T18:37:02Z

Gstar: translate from https://animalcrossing.wikidex.net/wiki/Plantilla:Vecino_New_Horizons

{| align="left" style="background: #48dbfb; border: 3px solid #54a0ff; margin:auto;width:80%"
|-
|
{| class="box" style="width: 100%"
| rowspan="10" style="{{#if: {{{image|}}}||display:none;}}; background: #fff; width: 1%" | {{{image|}}}
|-
! style="background: #54a0ff; color:#FFF; width: 30%" | Favorite styles
! style="background: #54a0ff; color:#FFF; width: 70%" | Favorite colors
|-
| align="center" style="background:#fff; width:100px;" | {{{styles|???}}}
| align="center" style="background:#fff;" | {{{colors|???}}}
|-
{| align="center" style="width: 100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background: #54a0ff;color:#FFF" | Quote
|-
| align="center" style="background:#FFF" | {{{quote|}}}
|}
|}
|}{{br}}<noinclude>
==Blank template==
<pre>
{{New Horizons villager
|image=
|quote=
|styles=
|colors=
}}</pre>

[[Category:Content templates]]</noinclude>

Template:Br

2025-12-07T18:36:44Z

Gstar: create

{{#if:{{{toc|}}}|__TOC__}}<div style="clear:{{{1|both}}}"></div><noinclude>
Used to push any content that follows the template below floating elements. Usage below:

*<code><nowiki>{{br|left}}</nowiki></code> pushes subsequent content below left-floated elements
*<code><nowiki>{{br|right}}</nowiki></code> pushes subsequent content below right-floated elements
*<code><nowiki>{{br}}</nowiki></code> pushes subsequent content below both left and right floated elements
*<code><nowiki>{{br|toc=1}}</nowiki></code> places the table of contents before the clear so that it's not pushed down

[[Category:Shortcut templates]]</noinclude>

Template:Happy Home Designer villager

2025-12-07T18:36:29Z

Gstar: From https://animalcrossing.wikidex.net/wiki/Plantilla:Vecino_Happy_Home_Designer

{| align="left" style="background: #ff7979; border: 3px solid #EA2027; margin:auto;width:80%"
|-
|
{| class="box" style="width: 100%"
| rowspan="10" style="{{#if: {{{image|}}}||display:none;}}; background: #fff; width: 1%" | {{{image|}}}
|-
! style="{{{theme|}}}; background: #EA2027; color:#FFF; width: 30%" | Theme
! style="{{{availability|}}}; background: #EA2027; color:#FFF; width: 70%" | Availability
|-
| align="center" style="background:#fff;border-right:2px solid #EA2027; width:100px;" | {{{theme|???}}}
| align="center" style="background:#fff;" | {{{availability|???}}}
|-
{| align="center" style="width: 100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background: #EA2027;color:#FFF" | Furniture required
|-
| align="center" style="background:#FFF" | {{{furniture|}}}
|}
|}
|}{{br}}<noinclude>
==Blank template==
<pre>
{{Happy Home Designer villager
|image=
|theme=
|availability=
|furniture=
}}</pre>

[[Category:Content templates]]</noinclude>

User talk:Gstar

2025-12-07T18:35:27Z

Gstar: yes

Template:Villager

2025-12-07T18:23:07Z

Gstar: update

<div class="infobox" style="background: #7AEC42; font-size:small; border: 3px solid #00c400; width:300px; padding:5px;float:right;margin-left:4px">
<div style="text-align:center">
<div style="background: #7AEC42; width:100%; text-align:right">
</div>

<div style="text-align:center; width: 100%;font-size:130%"> '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
</div>
<div style="background: #FFFFFF; line-height:10pt; margin-top: 3px; padding:0.5em"> <div style="text-align:center">{{{image|}}}</div><br /><div align="center">{{#if: {{{caption|}}} |<div style="height: 2px"></div><span style="font-family:Arial">{{{caption|}}}</span>}}</div></div></div>
<div style="height: 2px"></div><div style="background: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%">
<div style="height: 2px"></div>{{#if:{{{first_appearance|}}}|
<div style="display: flex">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #00c400; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; padding:3px; width: 45%">'''First appearance'''</div>
<div align="left" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-left: 2px solid #7AEC42; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; flex: 1; padding: 3px 5px">{{{first_appearance|}}}</div></div>}}{{#if:{{{latest_appearance|}}}|
<div style="display: flex">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #00c400; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; padding:3px; width: 45%">'''Latest appearance'''</div>
<div align="left" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-left: 2px solid #7AEC42; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; flex: 1; padding: 3px 5px">{{{latest_appearance|}}}</div></div>}}{{#if:{{{gender|}}}|
<div style="display: flex">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #00c400; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; padding:3px; width: 45%">'''Gender'''</div>
<div align="left" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-left: 2px solid #7AEC42; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; flex: 1; padding: 3px 5px">{{{gender|}}}</div></div>}}{{#if:{{{species|}}}|
<div style="display: flex">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #00c400; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; padding:3px; width: 45%">'''Species'''</div>
<div align="left" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-left: 2px solid #7AEC42; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; flex: 1; padding: 3px 5px">{{{species|}}}</div></div>}}{{#if:{{{personality|}}}|
<div style="display: flex">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #00c400; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; padding:3px; width: 45%">'''Personality'''</div>
<div align="left" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-left: 2px solid #7AEC42; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; flex: 1; padding: 3px 5px">{{{personality|}}}</div></div>}}{{#if:{{{birthday|}}}|
<div style="display: flex">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #00c400; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; padding:3px; width: 45%">'''Birthday'''</div>
<div align="left" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-left: 2px solid #7AEC42; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; flex: 1; padding: 3px 5px">{{{birthday|}}}</div></div>}}{{#if:{{{clothing|}}}|
<div style="display: flex">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #00c400; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; padding:3px; width: 45%">'''Clothing'''</div>
<div align="left" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-left: 2px solid #7AEC42; border-bottom: 2px solid #7AEC42; flex: 1; padding: 3px 5px">{{{clothing|}}}</div></div>}}{{#if:{{{favorite_saying|}}}|
<div style="text-align:center; flex: 1; font-size:13px; background: #00c400; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px">'''Favorite saying'''</div>
<div style="text-align:center; width: 14.2%; font-size:95%; background: #FFFFFF; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; width:auto">{{{favorite_saying|''Unknown''}}}</div><div style="height: 4px"></div>}}{{#if:{{{catchphrase|}}}|
<div style="text-align:center; flex: 1; font-size:13px; background: #00c400; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px">'''Catchphrase'''</div>
<div style="text-align:center; width: 14.2%; font-size:95%; background: #FFFFFF; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; width:auto">{{{catchphrase|''Unknown''}}}</div><div style="height: 4px"></div>}}</div></div><noinclude>
==Blank template==
<pre>
{{Villager
|name=
|image=
|caption=
|first_appearance=
|latest_appearance=
|gender=
|species=
|personality=
|birthday=
|clothing=
|favorite_saying=
|catchphrase=
}}</pre>

[[Category:Infobox templates]]</noinclude>

Main Page

2025-12-07T18:03:24Z

Gstar: yeah, sorry i hadnt added fair use image. also, unneeded italicization

Template:Pokémon infobox

2025-12-07T17:53:33Z

Gstar: create

<includeonly>{|class="infobox" style="width: {{{width|23em}}}; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; {{#if:{{{legendary|}}}|border-top:2px solid {{{legendary}}}; border-left:2px solid {{{legendary}}}; border-right:2px solid #404040; border-bottom:2px solid #202020;}}" cellpadding="3"
! colspan="2" height="25" style="font-size:120%; text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{#switch:{{{starter}}}|grass=lightgreen|fire=lightsalmon|water=lightblue|{{{starter|Lavender}}}}}}}}; {{#if:{{{legendary|}}}|border-right:2px solid {{{legendary}}}; border-bottom:2px solid {{{legendary}}};}}"| {{#if:{{{starter|}}}|<div style="z-index:1; position:absolute; margin: 0px 0px;">[[Image:Ball {{{starter}}}.png|20px|left]]</div>}}{{#if:{{{plus|}}}|{{{plus}}}}}{{{name|}}}
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{#if:{{{number|}}}|<br /><small>'''[[List of Pokémon|National Pokédex]]<br />'''{{{preceding|''None''}}} - '''{{{name}}} (#{{{number}}})''' - {{{following|''None''}}}</small>}}{{#if:{{{johto_number|}}}|<br /><small>'''[[Pokédex]] [[Johto]]<br />'''{{{johto_preceding|''None''}}} - '''{{{name}}} (#{{{johto_number}}})''' - {{{johto_following|''None''}}}</small>}}{{#if:{{{hoenn_number|}}}|<br /><small>'''[[Pokédex]] [[Hoenn]]<br />'''{{{hoenn_preceding|''None''}}} - '''{{{name}}} (#{{{hoenn_number}}})''' - {{{hoenn_following|''None''}}}</small>}}{{#if:{{{sinnoh_number|}}}|<br /><small>'''[[Pokédex]] [[Sinnoh]]<br />'''{{{sinnoh_preceding|''None''}}} - '''{{{name}}} (#{{{sinnoh_number}}})''' - {{{sinnoh_following|''None''}}}</small>}}{{#if:{{{japanese_name|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">[[List of Pokémon by Japanese name|<font color=Black>Japanese name</font>]]</th><td>{{{japanese_name|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{stage|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">Stage</th><td>{{#switch:{{{stage}}}|
Baby=Baby [[Category:Baby Pokémon]]|
Basic=Basic [[Category:Basic Pokémon]]|
Stage 1=Stage 1 [[Category:Stage 1 Pokémon]]|
Stage 2=Stage 2 [[Category:Stage 2 Pokémon]]|
{{{stage|}}}{{#if:{{{stage|}}}|[[Category:Stage {{{stage}}} Pokémon]]}}}}</td></tr>}}<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">[[Pokémon breeding|<font color=Black>Pre-evolution</font>]]</th><td>{{{evolves_from|''None''}}}</td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}}; width:35%">Evolution</th><td>{{{evolves_to|''None''}}}</td></tr>{{#if:{{{gender_differences|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">Gender diff.</th><td>{{{gender_differences|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{generation|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">{{#if:{{{starter|}}}|Starter|[[Pokémon generation|<font color=Black>Generation</font>]]}}</th><td>[[{{#switch:{{{generation}}}|
First=First|
Second=Second|
Third=Third|
Fourth=Fourth|
{{{generation|}}}}} Pokémon generation|{{#switch:{{{generation}}}|
First=First|
Second=Second|
Third=Third|
Fourth=Fourth|
{{{generation|}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{starter|}}}|[[Pokémon generation|generation]]}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{species|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">[[Species|<font color=Black>Species</font>]]</th><td>{{{species|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{type|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">Type</th><td>{{#switch:{{{type}}}|
Normal=[[Image:Crystal Clear app kbounce.png|16px|left]] Normal [[Category:Normal-type Pokémon]]|
Fire=[[Image:Noia 64 mimetypes deb.png|16px|left]] Fire [[Category:Fire-type Pokémon]]|
Water=[[Image:Gartoon-Bluefish-icon.png|16px|left]] Water [[Category:Water-type Pokémon]]|
Grass=[[Image:Crystal licq.png|16px|left]] Grass [[Category:Grass-type Pokémon]]|
Electric=[[Image:Connect established.png|16px|left]] Electric [[Category:Electric-type Pokémon]]|
Ice=[[Image:Hielo.png|16px|left]] Ice [[Category:Ice-type Pokémon]]|
Fighting=[[Image:Noia 64 apps error.png|16px|left]] Fighting [[Category:Fighting-type Pokémon]]|
Poison=[[Image:Crystal Clear app virus detected3.png|16px|left]] Poison [[Category:Poison-type Pokémon]]|
Ground=[[Image:Crystal Clear app cervisia.png|16px|left]] Ground [[Category:Ground-type Pokémon]]|
Flying=[[Image:Nuvola apps kweather.png|16px|left]] Flying [[Category:Flying-type Pokémon]]|
Psychic=[[Image:Vista-eclipse.png|16px|left]] Psychic [[Category:Psychic-type Pokémon]]|
Bug=[[Image:Bug-silk.png|16px|left]] Bug [[Category:Bug-type Pokémon]]|
Rock=[[Image:Crystal Clear app kasteroids.png|16px|left]] Rock [[Category:Rock-type Pokémon]]|
Ghost=[[Image:Nuvola apps gaim.png|16px|left]] Ghost [[Category:Ghost-type Pokémon]]|
Dragon=[[Image:Crystal Clear app ksnake.png|16px|left]] Dragon [[Category:Dragon-type Pokémon]]|
Dark=[[Image:Noia 64 apps kmoon.png|16px|left]] Dark [[Category:Dark-type Pokémon]]|
Steel=[[Image:Crystal Clear app database.png|16px|left]] Steel [[Category:Steel-type Pokémon]]|{{{type}}}}}{{#if:{{{type2|}}}|<br>{{#switch:{{{type2}}}|
Normal=[[Image:Crystal Clear app kbounce.png|16px|left]] Normal [[Category:Normal-type Pokémon]]|
Fire=[[Image:Noia 64 mimetype2s deb.png|16px|left]] Fire [[Category:Fire-type Pokémon]]|
Water=[[Image:Gartoon-Bluefish-icon.png|16px|left]] Water [[Category:Water-type Pokémon]]|
Grass=[[Image:Crystal licq.png|16px|left]] Grass [[Category:Grass-type Pokémon]]|
Electric=[[Image:Connect established.png|16px|left]] Electric [[Category:Electric-type Pokémon]]|
Ice=[[Image:Hielo.png|16px|left]] Ice [[Category:Ice-type Pokémon]]|
Fighting=[[Image:Noia 64 apps error.png|16px|left]] Fighting [[Category:Fighting-type Pokémon]]|
Poison=[[Image:Crystal Clear app virus detected3.png|16px|left]] Poison [[Category:Poison-type Pokémon]]|
Ground=[[Image:Crystal Clear app cervisia.png|16px|left]] Ground [[Category:Ground-type Pokémon]]|
Flying=[[Image:Nuvola apps kweather.png|16px|left]] Flying [[Category:Flying-type Pokémon]]|
Psychic=[[Image:Vista-eclipse.png|16px|left]] Psychic [[Category:Psychic-type Pokémon]]|
Bug=[[Image:Bug-silk.png|16px|left]] Bug [[Category:Bug-type Pokémon]]|
Rock=[[Image:Crystal Clear app kasteroids.png|16px|left]] Rock [[Category:Rock-type Pokémon]]|
Ghost=[[Image:Nuvola apps gaim.png|16px|left]] Ghost [[Category:Ghost-type Pokémon]]|
Dragon=[[Image:Crystal Clear app ksnake.png|16px|left]] Dragon [[Category:Dragon-type Pokémon]]|
Dark=[[Image:Noia 64 apps kmoon.png|16px|left]] Dark [[Category:Dark-type Pokémon]]|
Steel=[[Image:Crystal Clear app database.png|16px|left]] Steel [[Category:Steel-type Pokémon]]|{{{type2}}}}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{metric_height|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">Height</th><td>{{{metric_height}}} m</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{metric_weight|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">Weight</th><td>{{{metric_weight}}} kg</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{ability|}}}|<tr><th style="background-color: {{{header_color|Lavender}}};">[[Ability (Pokémon)|<font color=Black>Ability</font>]]</th><td>{{{ability|}}}</td></tr>}}
|}{{#if:{{{starter|}}}|[[Category:Starter Pokémon]]}}{{#if:{{{legendary|}}}|[[Category:Legendary Pokémon]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>
==Usage==
<pre>
{{Infobox Pokémon
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| header_color =
| starter =
| plus =
| color =
| legendary =
| number =
| preceding =
| following =
| johto_preceding =
| johto_number =
| johto_following =
| hoenn_preceding =
| hoenn_number =
| hoenn_following =
| sinnoh_preceding =
| sinnoh_number =
| sinnoh_following =
| unova_preceding =
| unova_number =
| unova_following =
| japanese_name =
| stage =
| evolves_from =
| evolves_to =
| gender_differences =
| generation =
| species =
| type =
| type2 =
| type3 =
| metric_height =
| metric_weight =
| ability =
}}</pre>

=== Example ===
<pre>
{{Infobox Pokémon
|name= Pikachu
|image=
|caption=
|image_size= 220px
|color=#FBEC5D
|header_color=#FBEC5D
|number=025
|preceding=[[Arbok]]
|following=[[Raichu]]
|johto_preceding=[[Pichu]]
|johto_number=022
|johto_following=[[Raichu]]
|hoenn_preceding=Pichu
|hoenn_number=156
|hoenn_following=Raichu
|sinnoh_number=104
|sinnoh_following=Raichu
|japanese_name=ピカチュS (Pikachu)
|stage=Stage 1
|evolves_from=[[Pichu]]
|evolves_to=[[Raichu]]
|gender_differences=
|generation=First
|species=[[Mouse]] Pokémon
|type=Electric
|type2=
|type3=
|metric_height=0.4
|metric_weight= 4
|ability=Static
}}</pre>

=== Parameters ===
*'''name''' ''(required)'': The name of the Pokémon. If this field is not used, the article's name is used by default.
*'''image:''' ''(optional)'' An image of the Pokémon.
*'''caption:''' ''(optional)'' A brief description of the image, for example: the place or battle and the character who found it or owns it.
*'''image_size:''' ''(optional)'' The size of the image, for example: 100px.
*'''header_color:''' ''(optional)'' The HTML color for the labels.
*'''starter:''' ''(required)'' For starter Pokémon. Specify the type with the expression "TYPE", replacing TYPE with the Pokémon's type.
*'''plus:''' ''(optional)'' To add additional article content to the infobox.
*'''color:''' ''(optional)'' The HTML color to show a special color box.
*'''legendary:''' ''(optional)'' The HTML color to show a special color box.
*'''number''': ''(optional)'' The number in the National Pokédex. ''See [[Pokédex]]''.
*'''preceding:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon that has the previous number in the National Pokédex.
*'''following:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon that has the next number in the National Pokédex.
*'''johto_preceding:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon that has the previous number in the Johto Pokédex.
*'''johto_number:''' ''(optional)'' The number in the Johto Pokédex.
*'''johto_following:''' ''(optional)'' The [[Pokémon]] that has the next number in the Johto Pokédex.
*'''hoenn_preceding:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon that has the previous number in the Hoenn Pokédex.
*'''hoenn_number:''' ''(optional)'' The number in the [[Pokédex]] Hoenn.
*'''hoenn_following:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon that has the next number in the Hoenn Pokédex.
*'''sinnoh_preceding:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon that has the previous number in the Sinnoh Pokédex.
*'''sinnoh_number:''' ''(optional)'' The number in the Sinnoh Pokédex.
*'''sinnoh_following:''' ''(optional)'' The [[Pokémon]] that has the next number in the Sinnoh Pokédex.
*'''unova_preceding:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon that has the previous number in the Unova Pokédex.
*'''unova_number:''' ''(optional)'' The number in the Unova Pokédex.
*'''unova_following:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon that has the next number in the Unova Pokédex. ''See [[Pokédex]]''.
*'''japanese_name:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon's name in Japanese.
*'''stage:''' ''(optional)'' The evolution number of the [[Pokémon]].
*'''evolves_from:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon previous to the current one.
*'''evolves_to:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon after the current one.
*'''gender_differences:''' ''(optional)'' The sex difference of the Pokémon. Use ''Male'', ''Female'' or their capitalized initials.
*'''generation:''' ''(optional)'' The generation the Pokémon belongs to. ''See [[Pokémon (series)]]''.
*'''species:''' ''(optional)'' The species, class, or type of animal category the [[Pokémon]] belongs to.
*'''type:''' ''(optional)'' The Pokémon's type. ''See [[List of Pokémon by type]]''.
*'''type2:''' ''(optional)'' If the Pokémon has more than one type, place the other one here.
*'''type3:''' ''(optional)'' For another type the Pokémon can be categorized into.
*'''metric_height:''' ''(optional)'' The height of the Pokémon.
*'''metric_weight:''' ''(optional)'' The weight of the Pokémon.
*'''ability:''' ''(optional)'' The ability/abilities of the [[Pokémon]].

==Attribution==
{{Attribution
| source_wiki = the Spanish Wikipedia
| source_article = Plantilla:Ficha_de_pokémon
| source_url = https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Ficha_de_pok%C3%A9mon
| history_url = https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantilla:Ficha_de_pok%C3%A9mon&action=history
| license_name = CC-BY-SA 4.0
| license_url = https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
}}

[[Category:Infobox templates]]</noinclude>